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  + + + + + + +
+ + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/Bachelor/CCNA4/en_CCNA4_v30/ch1/1_0_0/content.html b/Bachelor/CCNA4/en_CCNA4_v30/ch1/1_0_0/content.html new file mode 100644 index 0000000..e2f9835 --- /dev/null +++ b/Bachelor/CCNA4/en_CCNA4_v30/ch1/1_0_0/content.html @@ -0,0 +1,86 @@ + + + + + +Content + + + + + + + + + + +
Overview
+ + + + + + +
+ + + + + +
+ + The rapid growth of the Internet has astonished most observers. + One reason that the Internet has grown so quickly is due to the + flexibility of the original design. Without developing new + methodologies of IP address assignment, this rapid growth of the + Internet would have exhausted the current supply of IP addresses. In order to cope with a shortage of IP + addresses, several solutions were developed. One widely + implemented solution is Network Address Translation (NAT).

NAT is a mechanism for conserving registered IP addresses in large + networks and simplifying IP addressing management tasks. As a + packet is routed through a network device, usually a firewall or + border router, the source IP address is translated from a private + internal network address to a routable public IP address. This allows the packet to be transported over + public external networks, such as the Internet. The public address + in the reply is then translated back to the private internal + address for delivery within the internal network. A variation of + NAT, called Port Address Translation (PAT), allows many internal + private addresses to be translated using a single external public + address.

+

Routers, servers, and other key devices on the network usually require a static + IP configuration, which is entered manually. However, desktop + clients do not require a specific address but rather any one in a + range of addresses. This range is typically within an IP subnet. A + workstation within a specific subnet can be assigned any address + within a range while other values are static, including the subnet + mask, default gateway, and DNS server.

+

The Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP) was designed to + assign IP addresses and other important network configuration + information dynamically. Because desktop clients typically make up + the bulk of network nodes, DHCP is an extremely useful timesaving + tool for network administrators.

+

Students completing this module should be able to:

+
    +
  • Identify private IP addresses as described in RFC 1918
    • +
  • Discuss characteristics of NAT and PAT
    • +
  • Explain the benefits of NAT
    • +
  • Explain how to configure NAT and PAT, including static + translation, dynamic translation, and overloading
    • +
  • Identify the commands used to verify NAT and PAT configuration
    • +
  • List the steps used to troubleshoot NAT and PAT configuration
    • +
  • Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of NAT
    • +
  • Describe the characteristics of DHCP
    • +
  • Explain the differences between BOOTP and DHCP
    • +
  • Explain the DHCP client configuration process
    • +
  • Configure a DHCP server
    • +
  • Verify DHCP operation
    • +
  • Troubleshoot a DHCP configuration
    • +
  • Explain DHCP relay requests
    • +
+

  +

+
+ + + + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/Bachelor/CCNA4/en_CCNA4_v30/ch1/1_0_0/index.html b/Bachelor/CCNA4/en_CCNA4_v30/ch1/1_0_0/index.html new file mode 100644 index 0000000..661f2c2 --- /dev/null +++ b/Bachelor/CCNA4/en_CCNA4_v30/ch1/1_0_0/index.html @@ -0,0 +1,29 @@ + + + + +Cisco Global Learning Network + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + <body> + + <p>This page uses frames, but your browser doesn't support them.</p> + + </body> + + + + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/Bachelor/CCNA4/en_CCNA4_v30/ch1/1_0_0/media.html b/Bachelor/CCNA4/en_CCNA4_v30/ch1/1_0_0/media.html new file mode 100644 index 0000000..27daab3 --- /dev/null +++ b/Bachelor/CCNA4/en_CCNA4_v30/ch1/1_0_0/media.html @@ -0,0 +1,21 @@ + + + + + + +Flash Graphic + + + + + + + + + + + + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/Bachelor/CCNA4/en_CCNA4_v30/ch1/1_1_1/buttons.html b/Bachelor/CCNA4/en_CCNA4_v30/ch1/1_1_1/buttons.html new file mode 100644 index 0000000..e902b82 --- /dev/null +++ b/Bachelor/CCNA4/en_CCNA4_v30/ch1/1_1_1/buttons.html @@ -0,0 +1,109 @@ + + + + + + + + + + + +New Page 1 + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
  + + + + + + + +
+ + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/Bachelor/CCNA4/en_CCNA4_v30/ch1/1_1_1/content.html b/Bachelor/CCNA4/en_CCNA4_v30/ch1/1_1_1/content.html new file mode 100644 index 0000000..0cb9542 --- /dev/null +++ b/Bachelor/CCNA4/en_CCNA4_v30/ch1/1_1_1/content.html @@ -0,0 +1,113 @@ + + + + + +Content + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
+ + 1.1 + Scaling Networks with NAT and + PAT 
 1.1.1 + Private addressing  
+ + + + + + +
+ + RFC 1918 sets aside three blocks of + private IP addresses. They are one Class A address, 16 Class B addresses, and + 256 Class C addresses. + + + + These addresses are for private, internal network use only. Packets + containing these addresses are not routed over the Internet. +

+ + Public Internet addresses must be + registered by a company with an Internet authority, for example, ARIN + or RIPE. These public Internet addresses can also be leased from an + ISP. Private IP addresses are reserved and can be used by anyone. That + means two networks, or two million networks, can each use the same + private address. A router should never route RFC 1918 addresses, because ISPs + typically configure the border routers to prevent privately addressed + traffic from being forwarded.

+

+ + + + NAT provides great benefits to individual + companies and the Internet. Before NAT, a host with a private address + could not access the Internet. Using NAT, individual companies can + address some or all of their hosts with private addresses and use NAT + to provide access the Internet.

+

+ + + + +
+ + + + + +
+ +
+ + + + + +
+ + + + + +
  +

+ + Web Links

+ + +

Internet-Legal versus Private Addressing

+ + http://www.unoverica.com/documentation/ + ucm/mt211ai6.html

+ +

+

+
+
+

+       +

+ + + + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/Bachelor/CCNA4/en_CCNA4_v30/ch1/1_1_1/index.html b/Bachelor/CCNA4/en_CCNA4_v30/ch1/1_1_1/index.html new file mode 100644 index 0000000..82a25be --- /dev/null +++ b/Bachelor/CCNA4/en_CCNA4_v30/ch1/1_1_1/index.html @@ -0,0 +1,29 @@ + + + + +Cisco Global Learning Network + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + <body> + + <p>This page uses frames, but your browser doesn't support them.</p> + + </body> + + + + diff --git a/Bachelor/CCNA4/en_CCNA4_v30/ch1/1_1_1/media.html b/Bachelor/CCNA4/en_CCNA4_v30/ch1/1_1_1/media.html new file mode 100644 index 0000000..bb085f9 --- /dev/null +++ b/Bachelor/CCNA4/en_CCNA4_v30/ch1/1_1_1/media.html @@ -0,0 +1,21 @@ + + + + + + +Flash Graphic + + + + + + + + + + + + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/Bachelor/CCNA4/en_CCNA4_v30/ch1/1_1_2/buttons.html b/Bachelor/CCNA4/en_CCNA4_v30/ch1/1_1_2/buttons.html new file mode 100644 index 0000000..e3204af --- /dev/null +++ b/Bachelor/CCNA4/en_CCNA4_v30/ch1/1_1_2/buttons.html @@ -0,0 +1,109 @@ + + + + + + + + + + + +New Page 1 + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
  + + + + + + + +
+ + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/Bachelor/CCNA4/en_CCNA4_v30/ch1/1_1_2/content.html b/Bachelor/CCNA4/en_CCNA4_v30/ch1/1_1_2/content.html new file mode 100644 index 0000000..ac53a4b --- /dev/null +++ b/Bachelor/CCNA4/en_CCNA4_v30/ch1/1_1_2/content.html @@ -0,0 +1,172 @@ + + + + + + + + +Content + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
+ + 1.1 + Scaling Networks with NAT + and PAT 
  + 1.1.2 + Introducing NAT and PAT 
+ + + + + + +
+ + NAT is designed to conserve IP addresses and enable + networks to use private IP addresses on internal networks. These + private, internal addresses are translated to routable, public + addresses. This is accomplished by inter-network devices running + specialized NAT software and can increase network privacy by hiding + internal IP addresses.

+ + A NAT enabled device + typically operates at the border of a stub network. A stub network is + a network that has a single connection to its neighbor network. + + When + a host inside the stub network wants to transmit to a host on the + outside, it forwards the packet to the border gateway router. The + border gateway router performs the NAT process, translating the + internal private address of a host to a public, external routable + address. + + In NAT terminology, the internal network is the set + of networks that are subject to translation. The external network + refers to all other addresses.

+

+ Cisco defines the following NAT terms:

+
    +
  • Inside local address – The IP + address assigned to a host on the inside network. The address is + usually not an IP address assigned by the Network Information Center + (NIC) or service provider. This address is likely to be an RFC 1918 + private address.
    • +
  • Inside global address – A + legitimate IP address assigned by the NIC or service provider that + represents one or more inside local IP addresses to the outside + world.
    • +
  • Outside local address – The + IP address of an outside host as it is known to the hosts on the inside + network.
    • +
  • Outside global address – The + IP address assigned to a host on the outside network. The owner of + the host assigns this address.
    • +
+ + + + + +
+ + + + + +
+ +
+ + + + + +
+ + + + + +
  +

+ + + Interactive Media Activity

+ +

Drag and Drop: Basic Network Address Translation

+

When the student has completed this activity, the student + will be able to identify the IP address translations that occur + when using NAT.

+ +

+
+
+ + +     + + + + + +
+ + + + + +
+ +
+ + + + + +
+ + + + + +
  +

+ + Web Links

+ + +

NAT Frequently Asked Questions

+ + http://www.cisco.com/en/US/tech/tk648/ tk361/technologies_q_and_a_ + item09186a00800e523b.shtml

+ +

+

+
+
+

+       +

+ + + + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/Bachelor/CCNA4/en_CCNA4_v30/ch1/1_1_2/index.html b/Bachelor/CCNA4/en_CCNA4_v30/ch1/1_1_2/index.html new file mode 100644 index 0000000..82a25be --- /dev/null +++ b/Bachelor/CCNA4/en_CCNA4_v30/ch1/1_1_2/index.html @@ -0,0 +1,29 @@ + + + + +Cisco Global Learning Network + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + <body> + + <p>This page uses frames, but your browser doesn't support them.</p> + + </body> + + + + diff --git a/Bachelor/CCNA4/en_CCNA4_v30/ch1/1_1_2/media.html b/Bachelor/CCNA4/en_CCNA4_v30/ch1/1_1_2/media.html new file mode 100644 index 0000000..86b0997 --- /dev/null +++ b/Bachelor/CCNA4/en_CCNA4_v30/ch1/1_1_2/media.html @@ -0,0 +1,21 @@ + + + + + + +Flash Graphic + + + + + + + + + + + + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/Bachelor/CCNA4/en_CCNA4_v30/ch1/1_1_3/buttons.html b/Bachelor/CCNA4/en_CCNA4_v30/ch1/1_1_3/buttons.html new file mode 100644 index 0000000..ba449a6 --- /dev/null +++ b/Bachelor/CCNA4/en_CCNA4_v30/ch1/1_1_3/buttons.html @@ -0,0 +1,108 @@ + + + + + + + + + + + +New Page 1 + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
  + + + + + + +
+ + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/Bachelor/CCNA4/en_CCNA4_v30/ch1/1_1_3/content.html b/Bachelor/CCNA4/en_CCNA4_v30/ch1/1_1_3/content.html new file mode 100644 index 0000000..8eb1c1c --- /dev/null +++ b/Bachelor/CCNA4/en_CCNA4_v30/ch1/1_1_3/content.html @@ -0,0 +1,178 @@ + + + + + + + + +Content + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
+ + 1.1 + Scaling Networks with NAT and + PAT 
  + 1.1.3 + Major NAT and PAT features 
+ + + + + + +
+ + + NAT translations can be used for a variety of purposes and can be + either dynamically or statically assigned. Static NAT is designed to + allow one-to-one mapping of local and global addresses. This is + particularly useful for hosts which must have a consistent address + that is accessible from the Internet. Such hosts may be enterprise + servers or networking devices.

Dynamic NAT is designed to map a + private IP address to a public address. Any IP address from a pool of + public IP addresses is assigned to a network host. Overloading, or + Port Address Translation (PAT), maps multiple private IP addresses to + a single public IP address. Multiple addresses can be mapped to a + single address because each private address is tracked by a port + number. + +

PAT uses + unique source port numbers on the inside global IP address to + distinguish between translations. + + The port + number is encoded in 16 bits. The total number of internal addresses + that can be translated to one external address could theoretically be + as high as 65,536 per IP address. Realistically, the number of ports + that can be assigned a single IP address is around 4000. PAT will attempt to + preserve the original source port. If this source port is already + used, PAT will assign the first available port number starting from + the beginning of the appropriate port group 0-511, 512-1023, or + 1024-65535. When there are no more ports available and there is more + than one external IP address configured, PAT moves to the next IP + address to try to allocate the original source port again. This + process continues until it runs out of available ports and external IP + addresses.

NAT offers the following benefits:

    +
  • Eliminates reassigning each host a new IP address when + changing to a new ISP. NAT eliminates the need to readdress all + hosts that require external access, saving time and money.
    • +
  • Conserves addresses through application port-level + multiplexing. With PAT, internal hosts can share a single public + IP address for all external communications. In this + type of configuration, very few external addresses are required to + support many internal hosts, thereby conserving IP addresses.
    • +
  • Protects network security. Because private networks do not + advertise their addresses or internal topology, they remain + reasonably secure when used in conjunction with NAT to gain + controlled external access.
    • +

+ + + + +
+ + + + + +
+ +
+ + + + + +
+ + + + + +
  +

+ + + Interactive Media Activity

+ +

Drag and Drop: Network Address Translation with Overload + (NAT)

+

When the student has completed this activity, the student + will be able to identify the IP address and port translations + that occur when using PAT.

+ +

+
+
+ + +     + + + + + + + + +
+ + + + + +
+ +
+ + + + + +
+ + + + + +
  +

+ + Web Links

+ + +

About NAT

+ + http://www.homenethelp.com/web/explain/ about-NAT.asp

+ +

+

+
+
+

+     +

+ + + + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/Bachelor/CCNA4/en_CCNA4_v30/ch1/1_1_3/index.html b/Bachelor/CCNA4/en_CCNA4_v30/ch1/1_1_3/index.html new file mode 100644 index 0000000..82a25be --- /dev/null +++ b/Bachelor/CCNA4/en_CCNA4_v30/ch1/1_1_3/index.html @@ -0,0 +1,29 @@ + + + + +Cisco Global Learning Network + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + <body> + + <p>This page uses frames, but your browser doesn't support them.</p> + + </body> + + + + diff --git a/Bachelor/CCNA4/en_CCNA4_v30/ch1/1_1_3/media.html b/Bachelor/CCNA4/en_CCNA4_v30/ch1/1_1_3/media.html new file mode 100644 index 0000000..ca1aeab --- /dev/null +++ b/Bachelor/CCNA4/en_CCNA4_v30/ch1/1_1_3/media.html @@ -0,0 +1,21 @@ + + + + + + +Flash Graphic + + + + + + + + + + + + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/Bachelor/CCNA4/en_CCNA4_v30/ch1/1_1_4/buttons.html b/Bachelor/CCNA4/en_CCNA4_v30/ch1/1_1_4/buttons.html new file mode 100644 index 0000000..9e67060 --- /dev/null +++ b/Bachelor/CCNA4/en_CCNA4_v30/ch1/1_1_4/buttons.html @@ -0,0 +1,110 @@ + + + + + + + + + + + +New Page 1 + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
  + + + + + + + +
+ + + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/Bachelor/CCNA4/en_CCNA4_v30/ch1/1_1_4/content.html b/Bachelor/CCNA4/en_CCNA4_v30/ch1/1_1_4/content.html new file mode 100644 index 0000000..a81a8e8 --- /dev/null +++ b/Bachelor/CCNA4/en_CCNA4_v30/ch1/1_1_4/content.html @@ -0,0 +1,394 @@ + + + + + + + + +Content + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
+ + 1.1 + Scaling Networks with NAT and + PAT 
  + 1.1.4 + Configuring NAT and PAT 
+ + + + + + +
+ + Static Translation
+ To configure static inside source address translation, perform the + tasks in Figures + and + .

+ + Figure + shows the + use of static NAT translation. The router will translate packets from + host 10.1.1.2 to a source address of 192.168.1.2.

+

+ + Dynamic Translation
+ To configure dynamic inside source address translation, perform the + tasks in Figure + .

+

+ + The access list must + permit only those addresses that are to be translated. Remember that + there is an implicit “deny all” at the end of each access list. An + access list that is too permissive can lead to unpredictable results. + Cisco advises against configuring access lists referenced by NAT + commands with the + + permit any + command. Using + permit any + can result in NAT consuming too many router resources, which can cause + network problems.

+

+ + Figure + translates + all source addresses passing access list 1, which have source address + from 10.1.0.0/24, to an address from the pool named nat-pool1. The + pool contains addresses from 179.9.8.80/24 to 179.9.8.95/24. + +

+
+

+ + Note: NAT will not + translate the host 10.1.1.2, as it is not permitted for translation + by the access list.

+
+

+ + Overloading
+ Overloading is configured in two ways depending on how public IP + addresses have been allocated. An ISP can allocate a network only one + public IP address, and this is typically assigned to the outside + interface which connects to the ISP. Figure + shows how + to configure overloading in this situation.

+

+ + Another way of configuring overload is if + the ISP has given one or more public IP addresses for use as a NAT + pool. This pool can be overloaded as shown in the configuration in + Figure + + + .

+

+ + Figure + + + + shows an example configuration of PAT.

+

+ + + + + +
+ + + + + +
+ + +
+ + + + + +
+ + + + + +
  +

+ + + + + Lab Activity

+ +

Lab Exercise: Configuring NAT

+ +

In this lab, a router will be + configured to use network address translation (NAT).

+

+
+
+ + +     + + + + +
+ + + + + +
+ + +
+ + + + + +
+ + + + + +
  + + + + Lab Activity

Lab Exercise: Configuring PAT

+

In this lab, a router will be configured to use Port Address + Translation (PAT).

+ +

+
+
+ + +     + + + + +
+ + + + + +
+ + +
+ + + + + +
+ + + + + +
  + + + + Lab Activity

Lab Exercise: Configuring static NAT Addresses

+ +

+ In this lab, a router will be + configured to use network address translation (NAT) to convert + internal IP addresses, typically private addresses, into outside + public addresses.

+

+
+
+ + +     + + + + + +
+ + +
+ + + + + +
+ + + + + +
  +

+ + + + Lab Activity

+ +

e-Lab Activity: Configuring NAT

+ +

In this lab, the student will configure + NAT.

+

+
+     + + + + + +
+ + +
+ + + + + +
+ + + + + +
  +

+ + + + Lab Activity

+ +

e-Lab Activity: Configuring PAT

+ + +

In this lab, the students will configure a router to use Port + Address Translation (PAT) to convert internal IP addresses, + typically private addresses, into an outside public address

+ +

+
+     + + + + + +
+ + +
+ + + + + +
+ + + + + +
  +

+ + + + Lab Activity

+ +

e-Lab Activity: Configuring Static NAT Addresses

+

In this lab, the student will configure + a router to use network address translation (NAT) to convert + internal IP addresses, typically private addresses, into outside + public addresses.

+

+
+     + + + + + + +
+ + + + + +
+ +
+ + + + + +
+ + + + + +
  +

+ + Web Links

+ + +

Configuring Network Address Translation: Getting Started

+ + http://www.cisco.com/en/US/tech/tk648/ tk361/technologies_tech_ note09186a0080094e77.shtml

+ +

+

+
+
+

+       + +

+ + + + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/Bachelor/CCNA4/en_CCNA4_v30/ch1/1_1_4/index.html b/Bachelor/CCNA4/en_CCNA4_v30/ch1/1_1_4/index.html new file mode 100644 index 0000000..82a25be --- /dev/null +++ b/Bachelor/CCNA4/en_CCNA4_v30/ch1/1_1_4/index.html @@ -0,0 +1,29 @@ + + + + +Cisco Global Learning Network + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + <body> + + <p>This page uses frames, but your browser doesn't support them.</p> + + </body> + + + + diff --git a/Bachelor/CCNA4/en_CCNA4_v30/ch1/1_1_4/media.html b/Bachelor/CCNA4/en_CCNA4_v30/ch1/1_1_4/media.html new file mode 100644 index 0000000..c870f71 --- /dev/null +++ b/Bachelor/CCNA4/en_CCNA4_v30/ch1/1_1_4/media.html @@ -0,0 +1,21 @@ + + + + + + +Flash Graphic + + + + + + + + + + + + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/Bachelor/CCNA4/en_CCNA4_v30/ch1/1_1_5/buttons.html b/Bachelor/CCNA4/en_CCNA4_v30/ch1/1_1_5/buttons.html new file mode 100644 index 0000000..ab50992 --- /dev/null +++ b/Bachelor/CCNA4/en_CCNA4_v30/ch1/1_1_5/buttons.html @@ -0,0 +1,109 @@ + + + + + + + + + + + +New Page 1 + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
  + + + + + + + +
+ + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/Bachelor/CCNA4/en_CCNA4_v30/ch1/1_1_5/content.html b/Bachelor/CCNA4/en_CCNA4_v30/ch1/1_1_5/content.html new file mode 100644 index 0000000..333ec5c --- /dev/null +++ b/Bachelor/CCNA4/en_CCNA4_v30/ch1/1_1_5/content.html @@ -0,0 +1,161 @@ + + + + + + + + +Content + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
+ + 1.1 + Scaling Networks with NAT + and PAT 
  + 1.1.5 + Verifying PAT configuration 
+ + + + + + +
+ + + Once NAT is configured, use the + + + + clear + and + + + + show + commands to verify that it is operating as expected.

By default, + dynamic address translations will time out from the NAT translation + table after a period of non-use. When port translation is not + configured, translation entries time out after 24 hours, unless + reconfigured with the + + + + ip nat translation + command. Clear the entries before the timeout by using one of the + commands in Figure + .

+ Translation information may be displayed by performing one of the + tasks in EXEC mode. +

+ Alternatively, use the + + + + show run + command and look for NAT, access list, interface, or pool commands + with the required values.

+

+ + + + +
+ + + + + +
+ + +
+ + + + + +
+ + + + + +
  +

+ + + + + Lab Activity

+ +

Lab Exercise: Verifying NAT and PAT Configuration

+

In this lab, the student will configure a router for Network Address + Translation (NAT) and Port Address Translation (PAT).

+ +

+
+
+ + +     + + + + + +
+ + +
+ + + + + +
+ + + + + +
  +

+ + + + Lab Activity

+ +

e-Lab Activity: Verifying NAT and PAT Configuration

+ +

In this lab, the student will configure + a router for Network Address Translation and Port Address + Translation.

+

+
+

       + +

+ + + + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/Bachelor/CCNA4/en_CCNA4_v30/ch1/1_1_5/index.html b/Bachelor/CCNA4/en_CCNA4_v30/ch1/1_1_5/index.html new file mode 100644 index 0000000..82a25be --- /dev/null +++ b/Bachelor/CCNA4/en_CCNA4_v30/ch1/1_1_5/index.html @@ -0,0 +1,29 @@ + + + + +Cisco Global Learning Network + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + <body> + + <p>This page uses frames, but your browser doesn't support them.</p> + + </body> + + + + diff --git a/Bachelor/CCNA4/en_CCNA4_v30/ch1/1_1_5/media.html b/Bachelor/CCNA4/en_CCNA4_v30/ch1/1_1_5/media.html new file mode 100644 index 0000000..5ae2150 --- /dev/null +++ b/Bachelor/CCNA4/en_CCNA4_v30/ch1/1_1_5/media.html @@ -0,0 +1,21 @@ + + + + + + +Flash Graphic + + + + + + + + + + + + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/Bachelor/CCNA4/en_CCNA4_v30/ch1/1_1_6/buttons.html b/Bachelor/CCNA4/en_CCNA4_v30/ch1/1_1_6/buttons.html new file mode 100644 index 0000000..20edd9d --- /dev/null +++ b/Bachelor/CCNA4/en_CCNA4_v30/ch1/1_1_6/buttons.html @@ -0,0 +1,109 @@ + + + + + + + + + + + +New Page 1 + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
  + + + + + + + +
+ + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/Bachelor/CCNA4/en_CCNA4_v30/ch1/1_1_6/content.html b/Bachelor/CCNA4/en_CCNA4_v30/ch1/1_1_6/content.html new file mode 100644 index 0000000..e7f8692 --- /dev/null +++ b/Bachelor/CCNA4/en_CCNA4_v30/ch1/1_1_6/content.html @@ -0,0 +1,277 @@ + + + + + + + + +Content + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
+ + 1.1 + Scaling Networks with NAT + and PAT 
  + 1.1.6 + Troubleshooting NAT and PAT + configuration 
+ + + + + + +
+ + + When IP connectivity problems in a NAT environment exist, it is often + difficult to determine the cause of the problem. Many times NAT is + mistakenly blamed, when in reality there is an underlying problem.

+ + + When trying to determine the cause of an IP connectivity problem, it + helps to rule out NAT. Use the following steps to determine whether + NAT is operating as expected:

+
    +
  1. Based on the configuration, clearly define what NAT is supposed + to achieve.
    2. +
  2. Verify that correct translations exist in the translation table.
    3. +
  3. Verify the translation is occurring by using + + + show + and + + + debug + commands.
    4. +
  4. Review in detail what is happening to the packet and verify that + routers have the correct routing information to move the packet + along.
    5. +
+

+ + + Use the + + + debug ip nat + command to verify the operation of the NAT + feature by displaying information about every packet that is + translated by the router. The debug ip nat + detailed + command generates + a description of each packet considered for translation. This command + also outputs information about certain errors or exception conditions, + such as the failure to allocate a global address.

+

+ + + Figure shows + a sample + + + + debug ip nat + output. In this example, the + first two lines of the debugging output show that a Domain Name System + (DNS) request and reply were produced. The remaining lines show the + debugging output of a Telnet connection from a host on the inside of + the network to a host on the outside of the network. + +

+

+ + + Decode the + + + + debug + output by using the following key points: + +

+
    +
  • + + + The asterisk next to NAT indicates that the translation is occurring + in the fast-switched path. The first packet in a conversation will + always go through the slow path, which means this first packet is + process-switched. The remaining packets will go through the + fast-switched path if a cache entry exists. + +
    • +
  • + + + s = a.b.c.d is the source address. + +
    • +
  • + + Source address a.b.c.d is translated to + w.x.y.z. +
    • +
  • + + d = e.f.g.h is the destination address. + +
    • +
  • + + + The value in brackets is the IP identification number. This + information may be useful for debugging. This is useful, for + example, because it enables correlation with other packet traces + from protocol analyzers. + +
    • +
+

+ + + + +
+ + + + + +
+ + +
+ + + + + +
+ + + + + +
  +

+ + + + + Lab Activity

+ +

Lab Exercise: Troubleshooting NAT and PAT

+ +

In this lab, the student will configure + a router for Network Address Translation (NAT) and Port Address + Translation (PAT).

+

+
+
+ + +     + + + + + +
+ + +
+ + + + + +
+ + + + + +
  +

+ + + + Lab Activity

+ +

e-Lab Activity: Troubleshooting NAT and PAT

+ +

In this lab, the student will configure + a router for Network Address Translation and Port Address + Translation.

+

+
+     + + + + + + +
+ + + + + +
+ +
+ + + + + +
+ + + + + +
  +

+ + Web Links

+ + +

Verifying NAT Operation and Basic NAT Troubleshooting

+ + http://www.cisco.com/en/US/tech/ + tk648/tk361/technologies_tech_ note09186a0080094c32.shtml

+ +

+

+
+
+

+       +

+ + + + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/Bachelor/CCNA4/en_CCNA4_v30/ch1/1_1_6/index.html b/Bachelor/CCNA4/en_CCNA4_v30/ch1/1_1_6/index.html new file mode 100644 index 0000000..82a25be --- /dev/null +++ b/Bachelor/CCNA4/en_CCNA4_v30/ch1/1_1_6/index.html @@ -0,0 +1,29 @@ + + + + +Cisco Global Learning Network + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + <body> + + <p>This page uses frames, but your browser doesn't support them.</p> + + </body> + + + + diff --git a/Bachelor/CCNA4/en_CCNA4_v30/ch1/1_1_6/media.html b/Bachelor/CCNA4/en_CCNA4_v30/ch1/1_1_6/media.html new file mode 100644 index 0000000..8d8a6e4 --- /dev/null +++ b/Bachelor/CCNA4/en_CCNA4_v30/ch1/1_1_6/media.html @@ -0,0 +1,21 @@ + + + + + + +Flash Graphic + + + + + + + + + + + + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/Bachelor/CCNA4/en_CCNA4_v30/ch1/1_1_7/buttons.html b/Bachelor/CCNA4/en_CCNA4_v30/ch1/1_1_7/buttons.html new file mode 100644 index 0000000..d60e4a1 --- /dev/null +++ b/Bachelor/CCNA4/en_CCNA4_v30/ch1/1_1_7/buttons.html @@ -0,0 +1,109 @@ + + + + + + + + + + + +New Page 1 + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
  + + + + + + + +
+ + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/Bachelor/CCNA4/en_CCNA4_v30/ch1/1_1_7/content.html b/Bachelor/CCNA4/en_CCNA4_v30/ch1/1_1_7/content.html new file mode 100644 index 0000000..a779a68 --- /dev/null +++ b/Bachelor/CCNA4/en_CCNA4_v30/ch1/1_1_7/content.html @@ -0,0 +1,273 @@ + + + + + + + + +Content + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
+ + 1.1 + Scaling Networks with NAT + and PAT 
  + 1.1.7 + Issues with NAT 
+ + + + + + +
+ + + NAT has several advantages, including: +
    +
  • + + + NAT conserves the legally registered addressing scheme by allowing + the privatization of intranets.
    • +
  • + + Increases the flexibility of connections + to the public network. Multiple pools, backup pools, and load + balancing pools can be implemented to assure reliable public network + connections. +
    • +
  • + + Consistency of the internal network + addressing scheme. On a network without private IP addresses and NAT, + changing public IP addresses requires the renumbering of all hosts on + the existing network. The costs of renumbering hosts can be + significant. NAT allows the existing scheme to remain while supporting + a new public addressing scheme.
    • +
+

+ + + NAT is not without drawbacks. Enabling address translation will cause + a loss of functionality, particularly with any protocol or application + that involves sending IP address information inside the IP payload. + This requires additional support by the NAT device.

+

+ + NAT increases delay. Switching path delays + are introduced because of the translation of each IP address within + the packet headers.

+

+ + Performance may be a consideration because + NAT is currently accomplished by using process switching. The CPU must + look at every packet to decide whether it has to translate it. The CPU + must alter the IP header, and possibly alter the TCP header.

+

+ + + One significant disadvantage when implementing and using NAT is the + loss of end-to-end IP traceability. It becomes much more difficult to + trace packets that undergo numerous packet address changes over + multiple NAT hops. Hackers who want to determine the source of a + packet will find it difficult to trace or obtain the original source + or destination address.

+

+ + + NAT also forces some applications that use IP addressing to stop + functioning because it hides end-to-end IP addresses. Applications + that use physical addresses instead of a qualified domain name will + not reach destinations that are translated across the NAT router. + Sometimes, this problem can be avoided by implementing static NAT + mappings.

+

+ + Cisco IOS NAT supports the following + traffic types: +

+
    +
  • + + + ICMP
    • +
  • + + + File Transfer Protocol (FTP), including PORT and PASV commands +
    • +
  • + + + NetBIOS over TCP/IP, datagram, name, and session services +
    • +
  • + + + RealNetworks' RealAudio
    • +
  • + + White Pines' CUSeeMe
    • +
  • + + Xing Technologies' StreamWorks
    • +
  • + + + DNS "A" and "PTR" queries
    • +
  • + + H.323/Microsoft NetMeeting, IOS versions + 12.0(1)/12.0(1)T and later
    • +
  • + + VDOnet's VDOLive, IOS versions + 11.3(4)11.3(4)T and later 
    • +
  • + + + VXtreme's Web Theater, IOS versions 11.3(4)11.3(4)T and later 
    • +
  • + + + IP Multicast, IOS version 12.0(1)T with source address translation + only  +
    • +
+

+ + + Cisco IOS NAT does not support the following traffic types:

+
    +
  • + + + Routing table updates
    • +
  • + + + DNS zone transfers
    • +
  • + + + BOOTP
    • +
  • + + + talk and ntalk protocols
    • +
  • + + + Simple Network Management Protocol (SNMP)
    • +
+

+ + + + +
+ + + + + +
+ +
+ + + + + +
+ + + + + +
  +

+ + + Interactive Media Activity

+ +

Checkbox: Issues with NAT

+

When the student has completed this activity, the student + will be able to identify issues with the use of NAT.

+ +

+
+
+ + +     + + + + + +
+ + + + + +
+ +
+ + + + + +
+ + + + + +
  +

+ + Web Links

+ + +

Verifying NAT Operation and Basic NAT Troubleshooting

+ + http://www.cisco.com/en/US/tech/
+ + tk648/tk361/technologies_tech_note
+ + 09186a0080094c32.shtml

+ +

+

+
+
+

+       +

+ + + + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/Bachelor/CCNA4/en_CCNA4_v30/ch1/1_1_7/index.html b/Bachelor/CCNA4/en_CCNA4_v30/ch1/1_1_7/index.html new file mode 100644 index 0000000..82a25be --- /dev/null +++ b/Bachelor/CCNA4/en_CCNA4_v30/ch1/1_1_7/index.html @@ -0,0 +1,29 @@ + + + + +Cisco Global Learning Network + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + <body> + + <p>This page uses frames, but your browser doesn't support them.</p> + + </body> + + + + diff --git a/Bachelor/CCNA4/en_CCNA4_v30/ch1/1_1_7/media.html b/Bachelor/CCNA4/en_CCNA4_v30/ch1/1_1_7/media.html new file mode 100644 index 0000000..ea73603 --- /dev/null +++ b/Bachelor/CCNA4/en_CCNA4_v30/ch1/1_1_7/media.html @@ -0,0 +1,21 @@ + + + + + + +Flash Graphic + + + + + + + + + + + + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/Bachelor/CCNA4/en_CCNA4_v30/ch1/1_2_1/buttons.html b/Bachelor/CCNA4/en_CCNA4_v30/ch1/1_2_1/buttons.html new file mode 100644 index 0000000..ba4ec57 --- /dev/null +++ b/Bachelor/CCNA4/en_CCNA4_v30/ch1/1_2_1/buttons.html @@ -0,0 +1,110 @@ + + + + + + + + + + + +New Page 1 + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
  + + + + + + + +
+ + + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/Bachelor/CCNA4/en_CCNA4_v30/ch1/1_2_1/content.html b/Bachelor/CCNA4/en_CCNA4_v30/ch1/1_2_1/content.html new file mode 100644 index 0000000..abe13fe --- /dev/null +++ b/Bachelor/CCNA4/en_CCNA4_v30/ch1/1_2_1/content.html @@ -0,0 +1,140 @@ + + + + + + + + +Content + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
+ + 1.2 + DHCP 
 1.2.1 + Introducing DHCP 
+ + + + + + +
+ + Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP) + works in a client/server mode. DHCP enables DHCP clients on an IP + network to obtain their configurations from a DHCP server. Less work + is involved in managing an IP network when DHCP is used. The + most significant configuration option the client receives from the + server is its IP address. The DHCP protocol is described in RFC 2131.

+ + A DHCP client is included in most modern + operating systems including the various Windows operating systems, + Novell Netware, Sun Solaris, Linux, and MAC OS. The client requests + addressing values from the network DHCP server. + This + server manages the allocation of the IP addresses and will answer + configuration requests from clients. + + The DHCP + server can answer requests for many subnets. DHCP is not intended for + configuring routers, switches, and servers. These type of hosts all + need to have static IP addresses.

+

+ + DHCP works by providing a process for a + server to allocate IP information to clients. Clients lease the + information from the server for an administratively defined period. + When the lease expires the client must ask for another address, + although the client is typically reassigned the same address.

+

+ + Administrators typically prefer a network + server to offer DHCP services because these solutions are scalable and + relatively easy to manage. Cisco routers can use a Cisco IOS feature + set, Easy IP, to offer an optional, full-featured DHCP server. Easy IP leases configurations for 24 hours by default. + This is useful in small offices and home offices where the home user + can take advantage of DHCP and NAT without having an NT or UNIX + server. +

+

+ + Administrators set up DHCP servers to + assign addresses from predefined pools. DHCP servers can also offer + other information, such as DNS server addresses, WINS server + addresses, and domain names. Most DHCP servers also allow the + administrator to define specifically what client MAC addresses can be + serviced and automatically assign them the same IP address each time. + + +

+

+ + DHCP uses UDP as its transport protocol. + The client sends messages to the server on port 67. The server sends + messages to the client on port 68.

+

+ + + + +
+ + + + + +
+ +
+ + + + + +
+ + + + + +
  +

+ + Web Links

+ + +

DHCP Overview

+ + http://support.baynetworks.com/library/ + tpubs/html/ router/soft1200/ 117362AA/A_29.HTM

+ +

+

+
+
+

+       +

+ + + + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/Bachelor/CCNA4/en_CCNA4_v30/ch1/1_2_1/index.html b/Bachelor/CCNA4/en_CCNA4_v30/ch1/1_2_1/index.html new file mode 100644 index 0000000..82a25be --- /dev/null +++ b/Bachelor/CCNA4/en_CCNA4_v30/ch1/1_2_1/index.html @@ -0,0 +1,29 @@ + + + + +Cisco Global Learning Network + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + <body> + + <p>This page uses frames, but your browser doesn't support them.</p> + + </body> + + + + diff --git a/Bachelor/CCNA4/en_CCNA4_v30/ch1/1_2_1/media.html b/Bachelor/CCNA4/en_CCNA4_v30/ch1/1_2_1/media.html new file mode 100644 index 0000000..3567b2e --- /dev/null +++ b/Bachelor/CCNA4/en_CCNA4_v30/ch1/1_2_1/media.html @@ -0,0 +1,21 @@ + + + + + + +Flash Graphic + + + + + + + + + + + + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/Bachelor/CCNA4/en_CCNA4_v30/ch1/1_2_2/buttons.html b/Bachelor/CCNA4/en_CCNA4_v30/ch1/1_2_2/buttons.html new file mode 100644 index 0000000..a5b88fd --- /dev/null +++ b/Bachelor/CCNA4/en_CCNA4_v30/ch1/1_2_2/buttons.html @@ -0,0 +1,110 @@ + + + + + + + + + + + +New Page 1 + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
  + + + + + + + +
+ + + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/Bachelor/CCNA4/en_CCNA4_v30/ch1/1_2_2/content.html b/Bachelor/CCNA4/en_CCNA4_v30/ch1/1_2_2/content.html new file mode 100644 index 0000000..ad27032 --- /dev/null +++ b/Bachelor/CCNA4/en_CCNA4_v30/ch1/1_2_2/content.html @@ -0,0 +1,131 @@ + + + + + + + + +Content + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
+ + 1.2 + DHCP 
  + 1.2.2 + BOOTP and DHCP differences 
+ + + + + + +
+ + The Internet community first developed the + BOOTP protocol to enable configuration of diskless workstations. BOOTP + was originally defined in RFC 951 in 1985. As the predecessor of DHCP, + BOOTP shares some operational characteristics. Both protocols are + client/server based and use UDP ports 67 and 68. Those ports are still + known as BOOTP ports.

The four + basic IP parameters:

    +
  • IP address
    • +
  • Gateway address
    • +
  • Subnet mask
    • +
  • DNS server address
    • +
+

BOOTP does not dynamically + allocate IP addresses to a host. When a client requests an IP address, the BOOTP server + searches a predefined table for an entry that matches the MAC address + for the client. If an entry exists, then the corresponding IP address + for that entry is returned to the client. This means that the binding + between the MAC address and the IP address must have already been + configured in the BOOTP server.

+ There are two primary differences between DHCP and BOOTP: +

    +
  • DHCP defines mechanisms through + which clients can be assigned an IP address for a finite lease + period. This lease period allows for reassignment of the IP address + to another client later, or for the client to get another + assignment, if the client moves to another subnet. Clients may also + renew leases and keep the same IP address.
    • +
  • DHCP provides the mechanism for a + client to gather other IP configuration parameters, such as WINS and + domain name. +
    • +
+

+ + + + +
+ + + + + +
+ +
+ + + + + +
+ + + + + +
  +

+ + Web Links

+ + +

BootP Relay Agent Overview

+ + http://support.baynetworks.com/library/ + tpubs/html/ router/ soft1200/117362AA/ + A_28.HTM#MARKER-9-90

+ +

+

+
+
+

+       +

+ + + + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/Bachelor/CCNA4/en_CCNA4_v30/ch1/1_2_2/index.html b/Bachelor/CCNA4/en_CCNA4_v30/ch1/1_2_2/index.html new file mode 100644 index 0000000..82a25be --- /dev/null +++ b/Bachelor/CCNA4/en_CCNA4_v30/ch1/1_2_2/index.html @@ -0,0 +1,29 @@ + + + + +Cisco Global Learning Network + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + <body> + + <p>This page uses frames, but your browser doesn't support them.</p> + + </body> + + + + diff --git a/Bachelor/CCNA4/en_CCNA4_v30/ch1/1_2_2/media.html b/Bachelor/CCNA4/en_CCNA4_v30/ch1/1_2_2/media.html new file mode 100644 index 0000000..50a73b7 --- /dev/null +++ b/Bachelor/CCNA4/en_CCNA4_v30/ch1/1_2_2/media.html @@ -0,0 +1,21 @@ + + + + + + +Flash Graphic + + + + + + + + + + + + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/Bachelor/CCNA4/en_CCNA4_v30/ch1/1_2_3/buttons.html b/Bachelor/CCNA4/en_CCNA4_v30/ch1/1_2_3/buttons.html new file mode 100644 index 0000000..82cd35c --- /dev/null +++ b/Bachelor/CCNA4/en_CCNA4_v30/ch1/1_2_3/buttons.html @@ -0,0 +1,109 @@ + + + + + + + + + + + +New Page 1 + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
  + + + + + + + +
+ + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/Bachelor/CCNA4/en_CCNA4_v30/ch1/1_2_3/content.html b/Bachelor/CCNA4/en_CCNA4_v30/ch1/1_2_3/content.html new file mode 100644 index 0000000..bad1b35 --- /dev/null +++ b/Bachelor/CCNA4/en_CCNA4_v30/ch1/1_2_3/content.html @@ -0,0 +1,112 @@ + + + + + +Content + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
+ + 1.2 + DHCP 
  + 1.2.3 + Major DHCP features 
+ + + + + + +
+ +

There are three mechanisms used to assign + an IP address to the client: +

    +
  • Automatic allocation – DHCP + assigns a permanent IP address to a client.
    • +
  • Manual allocation – The IP + address for the client is assigned by the administrator. DHCP + conveys the address to the client.
    • +
  • Dynamic allocation – DHCP + assigns, or leases, an IP address to the client for a limited period + of time.
    • +
+

The focus of this section is the dynamic + allocation mechanism. Some of the configuration parameters available are + listed in IETF RFC 1533:

    +
  • Subnet mask
    • +
  • Router
    • +
  • Domain Name
    • +
  • Domain Name Server(s)
    • +
  • WINS Server(s)
    • +
+

The DHCP server creates pools of IP + addresses and associated parameters. + + Pools are dedicated to an individual logical IP subnet. This allows + multiple DHCP servers to respond and IP clients to be mobile. If + multiple servers respond, a client can choose only one of the offers.

+ + + + +
+ + + + + +
+ +
+ + + + + +
+ + + + + +
  +

+ + Web Links

+ + +

DHCP Overview

+ + http://support.baynetworks.com/library/ + tpubs/html/router/ soft1200/ 117362AA/A_29.HTM

+ +

+

+
+
+

+       +

+ + + + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/Bachelor/CCNA4/en_CCNA4_v30/ch1/1_2_3/index.html b/Bachelor/CCNA4/en_CCNA4_v30/ch1/1_2_3/index.html new file mode 100644 index 0000000..82a25be --- /dev/null +++ b/Bachelor/CCNA4/en_CCNA4_v30/ch1/1_2_3/index.html @@ -0,0 +1,29 @@ + + + + +Cisco Global Learning Network + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + <body> + + <p>This page uses frames, but your browser doesn't support them.</p> + + </body> + + + + diff --git a/Bachelor/CCNA4/en_CCNA4_v30/ch1/1_2_3/media.html b/Bachelor/CCNA4/en_CCNA4_v30/ch1/1_2_3/media.html new file mode 100644 index 0000000..e3d95b4 --- /dev/null +++ b/Bachelor/CCNA4/en_CCNA4_v30/ch1/1_2_3/media.html @@ -0,0 +1,21 @@ + + + + + + +Flash Graphic + + + + + + + + + + + + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/Bachelor/CCNA4/en_CCNA4_v30/ch1/1_2_4/buttons.html b/Bachelor/CCNA4/en_CCNA4_v30/ch1/1_2_4/buttons.html new file mode 100644 index 0000000..25d14b4 --- /dev/null +++ b/Bachelor/CCNA4/en_CCNA4_v30/ch1/1_2_4/buttons.html @@ -0,0 +1,109 @@ + + + + + + + + + + + +New Page 1 + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
  + + + + + + + +
+ + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/Bachelor/CCNA4/en_CCNA4_v30/ch1/1_2_4/content.html b/Bachelor/CCNA4/en_CCNA4_v30/ch1/1_2_4/content.html new file mode 100644 index 0000000..bb552b3 --- /dev/null +++ b/Bachelor/CCNA4/en_CCNA4_v30/ch1/1_2_4/content.html @@ -0,0 +1,141 @@ + + + + + + + + +Content + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
+ + 1.2 + DHCP 
  + 1.2.4 + DHCP operation 
+ + + + + + + +
+

+ The DHCP client configuration process uses the following steps:  +

+
    +
  1. + A client must have DHCP configured when starting the network + membership process. The client sends a request to a server + requesting an IP configuration. Sometimes the client may suggest + the IP address it wants, such as when requesting an extension to a DHCP lease. The client locates a DHCP server by sending a broadcast + called a DHCPDISCOVER.
    2. +
  2. + When the server receives the broadcast, it determines whether it can + service the request from its own database. If it cannot, the server + may forward the request on to another DHCP server. If it can, the DHCP server offers the client IP + configuration information in the form of a unicast DHCPOFFER. The + DHCPOFFER is a proposed configuration that may include IP address, + DNS server address, and lease time.
    3. +
  3. + If the + client finds the offer agreeable, it will send another broadcast, a DHCPREQUEST, specifically requesting those particular IP parameters. + Why does the client broadcast the request instead of unicasting it + to the server? A broadcast is used because the first message, the DHCPDISCOVER, may have reached more than one DHCP server. If more + than one server makes an offer, the broadcasted DHCPREQUEST allows + the other servers to know which offer was accepted. The offer + accepted is usually the first offer received.
    4. +
  4. + The server that + receives the DHCPREQUEST makes the configuration official by sending + a unicast acknowledgment, the DHCPACK. It is possible, but highly + unlikely, that the server will not send the DHCPACK. This may happen + because the server may have leased that information to another + client in the interim. Receipt of the DHCPACK message enables the + client to begin using the assigned address immediately.
    5. +
  5. + If the client detects that the address is already in use on the + local segment it will send a DHCPDECLINE message and the process + starts again. If the client received a DHCPNACK from the server after + sending the DHCPREQUEST, then it will restart the process again.
    6. +
  6. + If the client no longer needs + the IP address, the client sends a DHCPRELEASE message to the + server.
    7. +
+

+ Depending on an organization's policies, it may be possible for an end + user or an administrator to statically assign a host an IP address + that belongs in the DHCP servers address pool. Just in case, the Cisco + IOS DHCP server always checks to make sure that an address is not in + use before the server offers it to a client. The server will issue an + ICMP echo request, or will ping, to a pool address before sending the + DHCPOFFER to a client. Although configurable, the default number of + pings used to check for a potential IP address conflict is two.

+

+ + + + +
+ + + + + +
+ +
+ + + + + +
+ + + + + +
  +

+ + Web Links

+ + +

DHCP Operation

+ + http://www.cs.utexas.edu/users/ + ypraveen/surveys/ DHCP/ node2.html

+ +

+

+
+
+

+       +

+ + + + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/Bachelor/CCNA4/en_CCNA4_v30/ch1/1_2_4/index.html b/Bachelor/CCNA4/en_CCNA4_v30/ch1/1_2_4/index.html new file mode 100644 index 0000000..82a25be --- /dev/null +++ b/Bachelor/CCNA4/en_CCNA4_v30/ch1/1_2_4/index.html @@ -0,0 +1,29 @@ + + + + +Cisco Global Learning Network + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + <body> + + <p>This page uses frames, but your browser doesn't support them.</p> + + </body> + + + + diff --git a/Bachelor/CCNA4/en_CCNA4_v30/ch1/1_2_4/media.html b/Bachelor/CCNA4/en_CCNA4_v30/ch1/1_2_4/media.html new file mode 100644 index 0000000..d38c5ec --- /dev/null +++ b/Bachelor/CCNA4/en_CCNA4_v30/ch1/1_2_4/media.html @@ -0,0 +1,21 @@ + + + + + + +Flash Graphic + + + + + + + + + + + + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/Bachelor/CCNA4/en_CCNA4_v30/ch1/1_2_5/buttons.html b/Bachelor/CCNA4/en_CCNA4_v30/ch1/1_2_5/buttons.html new file mode 100644 index 0000000..f17fb5f --- /dev/null +++ b/Bachelor/CCNA4/en_CCNA4_v30/ch1/1_2_5/buttons.html @@ -0,0 +1,109 @@ + + + + + + + + + + + +New Page 1 + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
  + + + + + + + +
+ + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/Bachelor/CCNA4/en_CCNA4_v30/ch1/1_2_5/content.html b/Bachelor/CCNA4/en_CCNA4_v30/ch1/1_2_5/content.html new file mode 100644 index 0000000..f2e0f8d --- /dev/null +++ b/Bachelor/CCNA4/en_CCNA4_v30/ch1/1_2_5/content.html @@ -0,0 +1,131 @@ + + + + + + + + +Content + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
+ + 1.2 + DHCP 
  + 1.2.5 + Configuring DHCP 
+ + + + + + +
+ Like NAT, a DHCP server requires that the + administrator define a pool of addresses. The + ip dhcp pool command + defines which addresses will be assigned to hosts.

The first command, + ip dhcp pool, + creates a pool with the specified name and puts the router in a + specialized DHCP configuration mode. In this mode, use the + network statement to define the range of addresses to be + leased. If specific addresses on the network are to be excluded, + return to global configuration mode.

+

The + ip dhcp excluded-address command configures the router to exclude + an individual address or range of addresses when assigning addresses + to clients. The + ip dhcp excluded-address command may be used to + reserve addresses that are statically assigned to key hosts, for + instance, the interface address on the router. +

+

Typically, a DHCP server will be configured to assign much more than + an IP address. Other IP configuration values such as the default + gateway can be set from the DHCP configuration mode. Using the + + + default-router command sets the default gateway. The address of the + DNS server, + dns-server, and WINS server, + netbios-name-server, can also + be configured here. The IOS DHCP server can configure clients with + virtually any TCP/IP information.

+

A list of the key IOS DHCP server commands entered in the DHCP pool + configuration mode are shown in Figure + .

+

The DHCP service is enabled by default on versions of Cisco IOS that + support it. To disable the service, use the + no service dhcp command. + Use the + service dhcp global configuration command to re-enable the DHCP server process.

+

+ + + + +
+ + + + + +
+ +
+ + + + + +
+ + + + + +
  +

+ + Web Links

+ + +

Configuring DHCP

+ + http://www.cisco.com/en/US/products/sw/ + iosswrel/ps1835/ products_configuration_guide_ chapter09186a00800ca75c.html

+ +

+

+
+
+

+       +

+ + + + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/Bachelor/CCNA4/en_CCNA4_v30/ch1/1_2_5/index.html b/Bachelor/CCNA4/en_CCNA4_v30/ch1/1_2_5/index.html new file mode 100644 index 0000000..82a25be --- /dev/null +++ b/Bachelor/CCNA4/en_CCNA4_v30/ch1/1_2_5/index.html @@ -0,0 +1,29 @@ + + + + +Cisco Global Learning Network + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + <body> + + <p>This page uses frames, but your browser doesn't support them.</p> + + </body> + + + + diff --git a/Bachelor/CCNA4/en_CCNA4_v30/ch1/1_2_5/media.html b/Bachelor/CCNA4/en_CCNA4_v30/ch1/1_2_5/media.html new file mode 100644 index 0000000..ee551e7 --- /dev/null +++ b/Bachelor/CCNA4/en_CCNA4_v30/ch1/1_2_5/media.html @@ -0,0 +1,21 @@ + + + + + + +Flash Graphic + + + + + + + + + + + + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/Bachelor/CCNA4/en_CCNA4_v30/ch1/1_2_6/buttons.html b/Bachelor/CCNA4/en_CCNA4_v30/ch1/1_2_6/buttons.html new file mode 100644 index 0000000..1d0e952 --- /dev/null +++ b/Bachelor/CCNA4/en_CCNA4_v30/ch1/1_2_6/buttons.html @@ -0,0 +1,110 @@ + + + + + + + + + + + +New Page 1 + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
  + + + + + + + +
+ + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/Bachelor/CCNA4/en_CCNA4_v30/ch1/1_2_6/content.html b/Bachelor/CCNA4/en_CCNA4_v30/ch1/1_2_6/content.html new file mode 100644 index 0000000..f51fd6b --- /dev/null +++ b/Bachelor/CCNA4/en_CCNA4_v30/ch1/1_2_6/content.html @@ -0,0 +1,183 @@ + + + + + + + + +Content + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
+ + 1.2 + DHCP 
  + 1.2.6 + Verifying DHCP operation 
+ + + + + + +
+ To verify the operation of DHCP, the + command + + show ip dhcp binding + can be used. This displays a list of all bindings created by the DHCP + service. 

+ + To verify that messages are being received or sent by the router, use + the command + + + show ip dhcp server statistics. + This will display count information regarding the number of DHCP + messages that have been sent and received.

+

+ + + + +
+ + + + + +
+ + +
+ + + + + +
+ + + + + +
  +

+ + + + + Lab Activity

+ +

Lab Exercise: Configuring DHCP

+ +

In this lab, the student will configure a router for + Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP).

+

+
+
+ + +     + + + + + +
+ + +
+ + + + + +
+ + + + + +
  +

+ + + + Lab Activity

+ +

e-Lab Activity: Configuring DHCP

+ +

In this lab, the student will configure a router for DHCP, add the ability for workstations to remotely obtain DHCP + addresses and dynamically assign addresses to the attached + hosts.

+

+
+     + + + + + +
+ + + + + +
+ +
+ + + + + +
+ + + + + +
  +

+ + Web Links

+ + +

Configuring DHCP

+ + http://www.cisco.com/en/US/products/sw/ + iosswrel/ps1835/products_configuration_ + guide_chapter09186a00800ca75c.html

+ +

+

+
+
+

+       +        +

+ + + + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/Bachelor/CCNA4/en_CCNA4_v30/ch1/1_2_6/index.html b/Bachelor/CCNA4/en_CCNA4_v30/ch1/1_2_6/index.html new file mode 100644 index 0000000..82a25be --- /dev/null +++ b/Bachelor/CCNA4/en_CCNA4_v30/ch1/1_2_6/index.html @@ -0,0 +1,29 @@ + + + + +Cisco Global Learning Network + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + <body> + + <p>This page uses frames, but your browser doesn't support them.</p> + + </body> + + + + diff --git a/Bachelor/CCNA4/en_CCNA4_v30/ch1/1_2_6/media.html b/Bachelor/CCNA4/en_CCNA4_v30/ch1/1_2_6/media.html new file mode 100644 index 0000000..7f3f09a --- /dev/null +++ b/Bachelor/CCNA4/en_CCNA4_v30/ch1/1_2_6/media.html @@ -0,0 +1,21 @@ + + + + + + +Flash Graphic + + + + + + + + + + + + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/Bachelor/CCNA4/en_CCNA4_v30/ch1/1_2_7/buttons.html b/Bachelor/CCNA4/en_CCNA4_v30/ch1/1_2_7/buttons.html new file mode 100644 index 0000000..2fcf8a2 --- /dev/null +++ b/Bachelor/CCNA4/en_CCNA4_v30/ch1/1_2_7/buttons.html @@ -0,0 +1,109 @@ + + + + + + + + + + + +New Page 1 + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
  + + + + + + + +
+ + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/Bachelor/CCNA4/en_CCNA4_v30/ch1/1_2_7/content.html b/Bachelor/CCNA4/en_CCNA4_v30/ch1/1_2_7/content.html new file mode 100644 index 0000000..c7a0bde --- /dev/null +++ b/Bachelor/CCNA4/en_CCNA4_v30/ch1/1_2_7/content.html @@ -0,0 +1,55 @@ + + + + + + + + +Content + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
+ + 1.2 + DHCP 
  + 1.2.7 + Troubleshooting DHCP  
+ + + + + + +
+

To troubleshoot the operation of the + DHCP server, the command + debug ip dhcp server events can + be used. This command will show that the server periodically checks to + see if any leases have expired. Also, it can be seen when addresses + are returned and when they are allocated. +

+            + +

+ + + + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/Bachelor/CCNA4/en_CCNA4_v30/ch1/1_2_7/index.html b/Bachelor/CCNA4/en_CCNA4_v30/ch1/1_2_7/index.html new file mode 100644 index 0000000..82a25be --- /dev/null +++ b/Bachelor/CCNA4/en_CCNA4_v30/ch1/1_2_7/index.html @@ -0,0 +1,29 @@ + + + + +Cisco Global Learning Network + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + <body> + + <p>This page uses frames, but your browser doesn't support them.</p> + + </body> + + + + diff --git a/Bachelor/CCNA4/en_CCNA4_v30/ch1/1_2_7/media.html b/Bachelor/CCNA4/en_CCNA4_v30/ch1/1_2_7/media.html new file mode 100644 index 0000000..15d65c5 --- /dev/null +++ b/Bachelor/CCNA4/en_CCNA4_v30/ch1/1_2_7/media.html @@ -0,0 +1,21 @@ + + + + + + +Flash Graphic + + + + + + + + + + + + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/Bachelor/CCNA4/en_CCNA4_v30/ch1/1_2_8/buttons.html b/Bachelor/CCNA4/en_CCNA4_v30/ch1/1_2_8/buttons.html new file mode 100644 index 0000000..ba89bdb --- /dev/null +++ b/Bachelor/CCNA4/en_CCNA4_v30/ch1/1_2_8/buttons.html @@ -0,0 +1,109 @@ + + + + + + + + + + + +New Page 1 + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
  + + + + + + + +
+ + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/Bachelor/CCNA4/en_CCNA4_v30/ch1/1_2_8/content.html b/Bachelor/CCNA4/en_CCNA4_v30/ch1/1_2_8/content.html new file mode 100644 index 0000000..3de56c7 --- /dev/null +++ b/Bachelor/CCNA4/en_CCNA4_v30/ch1/1_2_8/content.html @@ -0,0 +1,249 @@ + + + + + + + + +Content + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
+ + 1.2 + DHCP 
  + 1.2.8 + DHCP relay  
+ + + + + + +
+ + DHCP clients use IP broadcasts to find the DHCP server on the segment. + What happens when the server and the client are not on the same + segment and are separated by a router? Routers do not forward these + broadcasts.

+ + DHCP is not the only critical service that uses broadcasts. Cisco + routers and other devices may use broadcasts to locate TFTP servers. + Some clients may need to broadcast to locate a TACACS server. A TACACS + server is a security server. Typically, in a complex hierarchical + network, clients reside on the same subnet as key servers. Such remote + clients will broadcast to locate these servers. However, routers, by + default, will not forward client broadcasts beyond their subnet.

+

+ + Because some clients are useless without services such as DHCP, one of + two choices must be implemented. The administrator will need to place + servers on all subnets or use the Cisco IOS helper address feature. + Running services such as DHCP or DNS on several computers creates + overhead and administrative difficulties making the first option + inefficient. When possible, administrators should use the + + ip helper-address + command to relay broadcast requests for these key UDP services.

+

+ + By using the helper address feature, a router can be configured to + accept a broadcast request for a UDP service and then forward it as a + unicast to a specific IP address. By default, the + + ip helper-address + command forwards the following eight UDP services:

+
    +
  • + + Time
    • +
  • + + TACACS
    • +
  • + + DNS
    • +
  • + + BOOTP/DHCP Server
    • +
  • + + BOOTP/DHCP Client
    • +
  • + + TFTP
    • +
  • + + NetBIOS Name Service
    • +
  • + + NetBIOS datagram Service
    • +
+

+ + In the particular case of DHCP, a client broadcasts a DHCPDISCOVER + packet on its local segment. + This + packet is picked up by the gateway. If a helper-address is configured, + the DHCP packet is forwarded to the specified address. Before + forwarding the packet, the router fills in the GIADDR field of the + packet with the IP address of the router for that segment. This + address will then be the gateway address for the DHCP client, when it + gets the IP address. +

+

+ + The DHCP server receives the discover packet. The server uses the GIADDR field to index into the list of address pools, to find one + which has the gateway address set to the value in GIADDR. This pool is + then used to supply the client with its IP address. + +

+

+ + + + + +
+ + + + + +
+ + +
+ + + + + +
+ + + + + +
  +

+ + + + + Lab Activity

+ +

Lab Exercise: Configuring DHCP Relay

+

In this lab, a router will be configured for Dynamic Host + Configuration Protocol (DHCP).

+ +

+
+
+ + +     + + + + + + +
+ + +
+ + + + + +
+ + + + + +
  +

+ + + + Lab Activity

+ +

e-Lab Activity: Configuring DHCP Relay

+ +

In this lab, the student will configure a router for DHCP, add the ability for workstations to remotely obtain DHCP + addresses and dynamically assign addresses to the attached + hosts.

+

+
+     + + + + + + +
+ + + + + +
+ +
+ + + + + +
+ + + + + +
  +

+ + Web Links

+ + +

Configuring DHCP Relay, DHCP Server, and PAT

+ + http://www.cisco.com/univercd/cc/td/ + doc/product/ ccess/acs_fix/750/ + cfgguide/700cgdhc.htm

+ +

+

+
+
+

+       +     +

+ + + + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/Bachelor/CCNA4/en_CCNA4_v30/ch1/1_2_8/index.html b/Bachelor/CCNA4/en_CCNA4_v30/ch1/1_2_8/index.html new file mode 100644 index 0000000..82a25be --- /dev/null +++ b/Bachelor/CCNA4/en_CCNA4_v30/ch1/1_2_8/index.html @@ -0,0 +1,29 @@ + + + + +Cisco Global Learning Network + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + <body> + + <p>This page uses frames, but your browser doesn't support them.</p> + + </body> + + + + diff --git a/Bachelor/CCNA4/en_CCNA4_v30/ch1/1_2_8/media.html b/Bachelor/CCNA4/en_CCNA4_v30/ch1/1_2_8/media.html new file mode 100644 index 0000000..d4341ff --- /dev/null +++ b/Bachelor/CCNA4/en_CCNA4_v30/ch1/1_2_8/media.html @@ -0,0 +1,21 @@ + + + + + + +Flash Graphic + + + + + + + + + + + + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/Bachelor/CCNA4/en_CCNA4_v30/ch1/1_3_1/buttons.html b/Bachelor/CCNA4/en_CCNA4_v30/ch1/1_3_1/buttons.html new file mode 100644 index 0000000..1896ac9 --- /dev/null +++ b/Bachelor/CCNA4/en_CCNA4_v30/ch1/1_3_1/buttons.html @@ -0,0 +1,108 @@ + + + + + + + + + + + +New Page 1 + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
  + + + + + + +
+ + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/Bachelor/CCNA4/en_CCNA4_v30/ch1/1_3_1/content.html b/Bachelor/CCNA4/en_CCNA4_v30/ch1/1_3_1/content.html new file mode 100644 index 0000000..78fa0de --- /dev/null +++ b/Bachelor/CCNA4/en_CCNA4_v30/ch1/1_3_1/content.html @@ -0,0 +1,98 @@ + + + + + + + + +Content + + + + + + + + + + +
+ Summary
+ + + + + + +
+ +

+ An understanding of the following key points should + have been achieved:

    +
  • + Private addresses are for private, internal use and should never be + routed by a public Internet router.
    • +
  • + NAT alters the IP header of a packet so that the destination + address, the source address, or both addresses are replaced with + different addresses.
    • +
  • + PAT uses unique source port numbers on the inside global IP address + to distinguish between translations.
    • +
  • + NAT translations can occur dynamically or statically and can be used + for a variety of uses.
    • +
  • + NAT and PAT may be configured for static translation, dynamic + translation, and overloading.
    • +
  • + The process for verifying NAT and PAT configuration include the + + clear + and + show + commands.
    • +
  • + The + debug ip nat + command is used for troubleshooting NAT and PAT + configuration.
    • +
  • + NAT has advantages and disadvantages.
    • +
  • + DHCP works in a client/server mode, enabling clients to obtain IP + configurations from a DHCP server.
    • +
  • + BOOTP is the predecessor of DHCP and shares some operational + characteristics with DHCP, but BOOTP is not dynamic.
    • +
  • A DHCP server manages pools of IP + addresses and associated parameters. Each pool is dedicated to an + individual logical IP subnet.
    • +
  • + The DHCP client configuration process has four steps.
    • +
  • + Usually, a DCHP server is configured to assign more than IP + addresses.
    • +
  • + The + show ip dhcp binding + command is used to verify DHCP operation.
    • +
  • + The + debug ip dhcp server events + command is used for troubleshooting DHCP.
    • +
  • + When a DHCP server and a client are not on the same segment and are + separated by a router, the + ip helper-address + command is used to relay + broadcast requests.
    • +
+ +

 

+ + + + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/Bachelor/CCNA4/en_CCNA4_v30/ch1/1_3_1/index.html b/Bachelor/CCNA4/en_CCNA4_v30/ch1/1_3_1/index.html new file mode 100644 index 0000000..d2567d3 --- /dev/null +++ b/Bachelor/CCNA4/en_CCNA4_v30/ch1/1_3_1/index.html @@ -0,0 +1,29 @@ + + + + +Cisco Global Learning Network + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + <body> + + <p>This page uses frames, but your browser doesn't support them.</p> + + </body> + + + + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/Bachelor/CCNA4/en_CCNA4_v30/ch1/1_3_1/media.html b/Bachelor/CCNA4/en_CCNA4_v30/ch1/1_3_1/media.html new file mode 100644 index 0000000..5e5bba7 --- /dev/null +++ b/Bachelor/CCNA4/en_CCNA4_v30/ch1/1_3_1/media.html @@ -0,0 +1,21 @@ + + + + + + +Flash Graphic + + + + + + + + + + + + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/Bachelor/CCNA4/en_CCNA4_v30/ch1/lab1_1_4a/buttons.html b/Bachelor/CCNA4/en_CCNA4_v30/ch1/lab1_1_4a/buttons.html new file mode 100644 index 0000000..ac491a4 --- /dev/null +++ b/Bachelor/CCNA4/en_CCNA4_v30/ch1/lab1_1_4a/buttons.html @@ -0,0 +1,108 @@ + + + + + + + + + + + +New Page 1 + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
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+ + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/Bachelor/CCNA4/en_CCNA4_v30/ch1/lab1_1_4a/index.html b/Bachelor/CCNA4/en_CCNA4_v30/ch1/lab1_1_4a/index.html new file mode 100644 index 0000000..2049b39 --- /dev/null +++ b/Bachelor/CCNA4/en_CCNA4_v30/ch1/lab1_1_4a/index.html @@ -0,0 +1,25 @@ + + + + +New Page 2 + + + + + + + + + + + + <body> + + <p>This page uses frames, but your browser doesn't support them.</p> + + </body> + + + + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/Bachelor/CCNA4/en_CCNA4_v30/ch1/lab1_1_4b/buttons.html b/Bachelor/CCNA4/en_CCNA4_v30/ch1/lab1_1_4b/buttons.html new file mode 100644 index 0000000..ac491a4 --- /dev/null +++ b/Bachelor/CCNA4/en_CCNA4_v30/ch1/lab1_1_4b/buttons.html @@ -0,0 +1,108 @@ + + + + + + + + + + + +New Page 1 + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
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+ + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/Bachelor/CCNA4/en_CCNA4_v30/ch1/lab1_1_4b/index.html b/Bachelor/CCNA4/en_CCNA4_v30/ch1/lab1_1_4b/index.html new file mode 100644 index 0000000..1014a28 --- /dev/null +++ b/Bachelor/CCNA4/en_CCNA4_v30/ch1/lab1_1_4b/index.html @@ -0,0 +1,25 @@ + + + + +New Page 2 + + + + + + + + + + + + <body> + + <p>This page uses frames, but your browser doesn't support them.</p> + + </body> + + + + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/Bachelor/CCNA4/en_CCNA4_v30/ch1/lab1_1_4c/buttons.html b/Bachelor/CCNA4/en_CCNA4_v30/ch1/lab1_1_4c/buttons.html new file mode 100644 index 0000000..ac491a4 --- /dev/null +++ b/Bachelor/CCNA4/en_CCNA4_v30/ch1/lab1_1_4c/buttons.html @@ -0,0 +1,108 @@ + + + + + + + + + + + +New Page 1 + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
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+ + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/Bachelor/CCNA4/en_CCNA4_v30/ch1/lab1_1_4c/index.html b/Bachelor/CCNA4/en_CCNA4_v30/ch1/lab1_1_4c/index.html new file mode 100644 index 0000000..54fe22e --- /dev/null +++ b/Bachelor/CCNA4/en_CCNA4_v30/ch1/lab1_1_4c/index.html @@ -0,0 +1,25 @@ + + + + +New Page 2 + + + + + + + + + + + + <body> + + <p>This page uses frames, but your browser doesn't support them.</p> + + </body> + + + + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/Bachelor/CCNA4/en_CCNA4_v30/ch1/lab1_1_5/buttons.html b/Bachelor/CCNA4/en_CCNA4_v30/ch1/lab1_1_5/buttons.html new file mode 100644 index 0000000..9d43c77 --- /dev/null +++ b/Bachelor/CCNA4/en_CCNA4_v30/ch1/lab1_1_5/buttons.html @@ -0,0 +1,108 @@ + + + + + + + + + + + +New Page 1 + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
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+ + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/Bachelor/CCNA4/en_CCNA4_v30/ch1/lab1_1_5/index.html b/Bachelor/CCNA4/en_CCNA4_v30/ch1/lab1_1_5/index.html new file mode 100644 index 0000000..66e540b --- /dev/null +++ b/Bachelor/CCNA4/en_CCNA4_v30/ch1/lab1_1_5/index.html @@ -0,0 +1,25 @@ + + + + +New Page 2 + + + + + + + + + + + + <body> + + <p>This page uses frames, but your browser doesn't support them.</p> + + </body> + + + + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/Bachelor/CCNA4/en_CCNA4_v30/ch1/lab1_1_6/buttons.html b/Bachelor/CCNA4/en_CCNA4_v30/ch1/lab1_1_6/buttons.html new file mode 100644 index 0000000..2a8f403 --- /dev/null +++ b/Bachelor/CCNA4/en_CCNA4_v30/ch1/lab1_1_6/buttons.html @@ -0,0 +1,108 @@ + + + + + + + + + + + +New Page 1 + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
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+ + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/Bachelor/CCNA4/en_CCNA4_v30/ch1/lab1_2_6/index.html b/Bachelor/CCNA4/en_CCNA4_v30/ch1/lab1_2_6/index.html new file mode 100644 index 0000000..f001a6a --- /dev/null +++ b/Bachelor/CCNA4/en_CCNA4_v30/ch1/lab1_2_6/index.html @@ -0,0 +1,25 @@ + + + + +New Page 2 + + + + + + + + + + + + <body> + + <p>This page uses frames, but your browser doesn't support them.</p> + + </body> + + + + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/Bachelor/CCNA4/en_CCNA4_v30/ch1/lab1_2_8/buttons.html b/Bachelor/CCNA4/en_CCNA4_v30/ch1/lab1_2_8/buttons.html new file mode 100644 index 0000000..033054f --- /dev/null +++ b/Bachelor/CCNA4/en_CCNA4_v30/ch1/lab1_2_8/buttons.html @@ -0,0 +1,108 @@ + + + + + + + + + + + +New Page 1 + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
  + + + + + + +
+ + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/Bachelor/CCNA4/en_CCNA4_v30/ch1/lab1_2_8/index.html b/Bachelor/CCNA4/en_CCNA4_v30/ch1/lab1_2_8/index.html new file mode 100644 index 0000000..4bb55a0 --- /dev/null +++ b/Bachelor/CCNA4/en_CCNA4_v30/ch1/lab1_2_8/index.html @@ -0,0 +1,25 @@ + + + + +New Page 2 + + + + + + + + + + + + <body> + + <p>This page uses frames, but your browser doesn't support them.</p> + + </body> + + + + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/Bachelor/CCNA4/en_CCNA4_v30/ch1/main.html b/Bachelor/CCNA4/en_CCNA4_v30/ch1/main.html new file mode 100644 index 0000000..922726c --- /dev/null +++ b/Bachelor/CCNA4/en_CCNA4_v30/ch1/main.html @@ -0,0 +1,26 @@ + + + + +Cisco Networking Academy Program + + + + + + + + + + + + + <body> + + <p>This page uses frames, but your browser doesn't support them.</p> + + </body> + + + + \ No newline at end of file -- cgit v1.2.3