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+ +	4.1		+ ISDN Concepts
	+ 4.1.2		+ ISDN standards and access + methods

+ + + + + + +

+ + Work on standards for ISDN began in the + late 1960s. A comprehensive set of ISDN recommendations was published + in 1984 and is continuously updated by the International + Telecommunication Union Telecommunication Standardization Sector (ITU-T), + formerly known as the Consultative Committee for International + Telegraph and Telephone (CCITT). The ISDN standards are a set of + protocols that encompass digital telephony and data communications. + The ITU-T groups and organizes the ISDN protocols according to the + following general topic areas: +

E Protocols – Recommend + telephone network standards for ISDN. For example, the E.164 + protocol describes international addressing for ISDN.
I Protocols – Deal with + concepts, terminology, and general methods. The I.100 series + includes general ISDN concepts and the structure of other I-series + recommendations. I.200 deals with service aspects of ISDN. I.300 + describes network aspects. I.400 describes how the UNI is provided.
Q Protocols – Cover how + switching and signaling should operate. The term signaling in this + context means the process of establishing an ISDN call.

+

ISDN standards define two main channel + types, each with a different transmission rate. The bearer channel, or + B channel, is defined as a clear digital path of 64 kbps. It is said to + be clear because it can be used to transmit any type of digitized data + in full-duplex mode. For example, a digitized voice call can be + transmitted on a single B channel. The second channel type is called a + delta channel, or D channel. There can either be 16 kbps for the Basic + Rate Interface (BRI) or 64 kbps for the Primary Rate Interface (PRI). + The D + channel is used to carry control information for the B channel. +

+

When a TCP connection is established, + there is an exchange of information called the connection setup. This + information is exchanged over the path on which the data will + eventually be transmitted. Both the control information and the data + share the same pathway. This is called in-band signaling. ISDN + however, uses a separate channel for control information, the D + channel. This is called out-of-band signaling.

+

ISDN specifies two standard access + methods, BRI and PRI. + A single BRI or PRI interface provides a multiplexed bundle of B and D + channels.

+

BRI uses two 64 kbps B channels plus + one 16kbps D channel. BRI operates with many + Cisco routers. Because it uses two B channels and one D channel, BRI + is sometimes referred to as 2B+D.

+

The B channels can be used for + digitized speech transmission. In this case, specialized methods are + used for the voice encoding. Also, the B channels can be used for + relatively high-speed data transport. In this mode, the information is + carried in frame format, using either high-level data link control (HDLC) or PPP as the Layer 2 + protocol. PPP is more robust than HDLC because it provides a mechanism + for authentication and negotiation of compatible link and protocol + configuration.

+

ISDN is considered a circuit-switched + connection. The B channel is the elemental circuit-switching unit.

+

The D channel carries signaling + messages, such as call setup and teardown, to control calls on B + channels. Traffic over the D channel employs the Link Access Procedure + on the D Channel (LAPD) protocol. LAPD is a data link layer protocol based on HDLC.

+

In North America and Japan, PRI offers + twenty-three 64 kbps B channels and one 64 kbps D channel. A PRI offers the same service as a T1 or DS1 + connection. In Europe and much of the rest of the world, PRI offers 30 + B channels and one D channel in order to offer the same level of + service as an E1 circuit. PRI uses a Data Service Unit/Channel Service + Unit (DSU/CSU) for T1/E1 connections.

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+ + Web Links
+ + +
Integrated Services Digital Network (ISDN)
+ + http://www.cisco.com/univercd/cc/ + td/doc/ cisintwk/ito_doc/ isdn.htms
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