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+ +	6.1		+ Workstations and Servers
	+ 6.1.6		+ UNIX, Sun, HP, and LINUX

+ + + + + + +

+ +

Origins of UNIX
+ UNIX is the name of a group of operating systems that trace their + origins back to 1969 at Bell Labs. Since its inception, UNIX was + designed to support multiple users and multitasking. UNIX was also one + of the first operating systems to include support for Internet + networking protocols. The history of UNIX, which now spans over 30 + years, is complicated because many companies and organizations have + contributed to its development. +

+ +

UNIX was first written in assembly language, a primitive set of + instructions that control the internal instructions of a computer. + However, UNIX could only run on a specific type of computer. In 1971, Dennis + Ritchie created the C language. In 1973, Ritchie along with fellow + Bell Labs programmer Ken Thompson rewrote the UNIX system programs in + C language. Because C is a higher-level language, UNIX could be moved + or ported to another computer with far less programming effort. The + decision to develop this portable operating system proved to be the + key to the success of UNIX. During the 1970s, UNIX evolved through the + development work of programmers at Bell Labs and several universities, + notably the University of California, at Berkeley. + - +

+ +

When UNIX first started to be marketed commercially in the 1980s, it + was used to run powerful network servers, not desktop computers. + Today, there are dozens of different versions of UNIX, including the + following:

Hewlett Packard UNIX (HP-UX) +
Berkeley Software Design, Inc. (BSD + UNIX), which has produced derivatives such as FreeBSD
Santa Cruz Operation (SCO) UNIX +
Sun Solaris
IBM UNIX (AIX)

+ +

UNIX, in its various forms, continues + to advance its position as the reliable, secure OS of choice for + mission-critical applications that are crucial to the operation of a + business or other organization. UNIX is also tightly integrated with + TCP/IP. TCP/IP basically grew out of UNIX because of the need for LAN + and WAN communications.

+ +

The Sun Microsystems Solaris Operating Environment and its core OS, + SunOS, is a high-performance, versatile, 64-bit implementation of + UNIX. Solaris runs on a wide variety of computers, from Intel-based + personal computers to powerful mainframes and supercomputers. Solaris + is currently the most widely used version of UNIX in the world for + large networks and Internet websites. Sun is also the developer of the + "Write Once, Run Anywhere" Java technology.

+ +

Despite the popularity of Microsoft Windows on corporate LANs, much of + the Internet runs on powerful UNIX systems. Although UNIX is usually + associated with expensive hardware and is no user friendly, + recent developments, including the creation of Linux, have changed + that image.

+ +

Origins of Linux
+ In 1991, a Finnish student named Linus Torvalds began work on an + operating system for an Intel 80386-based computer. Torvalds became + frustrated with the state of desktop operating systems, such as DOS, + and the expense and licensing issues associated with commercial UNIX. Torvalds set out to develop an operating system that was UNIX-like in + its operation but used software code that was open and completely free + of charge to all users.

+ +

Torvald's work led to a world-wide + collaborative effort to develop Linux, an open source operating system + that looks and feels like UNIX. By the late 1990s, Linux had become a + viable alternative to UNIX on servers and Windows on the desktop. The + popularity of Linux on desktop PCs has also contributed to interest in + using UNIX distributions, such as FreeBSD and Sun Solaris on the + desktop. Versions of Linux can now run on almost any 32-bit processor, + including the Intel 80386, Motorola 68000, Alpha, and PowerPC chips.

+ +

As with UNIX, there are numerous versions of Linux. Some are free + downloads from the web, and others are commercially distributed. The + following are a few of the most popular versions of Linux:

Red Hat Linux – distributed by Red + Hat Software
OpenLinux – distributed by Caldera +
Corel Linux
Slackware
Debian GNU/Linux
SuSE Linux

+ +

Linux is one of the most powerful and reliable operating systems in + the world today. Because of this, Linux has already made inroads as a + platform for power users and in the enterprise server arena. Linux is + less often deployed as a corporate desktop operating system. Although + graphical user interfaces (GUIs) are available to make Linux + user-friendly, most beginning users find Linux more difficult to use + than Mac OS or Windows. Currently, many companies, such as Red Hat, + SuSE, Corel, and Caldera, are striving to make Linux a viable + operating system for the desktop. + - +

+ +

Application support must be considered + when Linux is implemented on a desktop system. The number of business + productivity applications is limited when compared to Windows. + However, some vendors provide Windows emulation software, such as WABI + and WINE, which enables many Windows applications to run on Linux. Additionally, companies such as + Corel are making Linux versions of their office suites and other + popular software packages.

+ +

Networking with Linux
+ Recent distributions of Linux have networking components built in for + connecting to a LAN, establishing a dialup connection to the Internet, + or other remote network. In fact, TCP/IP is integrated into the Linux + kernel instead of being implemented as a separate subsystem.

+ +

Some advantages of Linux as a desktop operating system and network + client include the following:

It is a true 32-bit operating + system.
It supports preemptive multitasking and virtual memory. +
The code is open source and thus + available for anyone to enhance and improve.

+ +

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