From 33613a85afc4b1481367fbe92a17ee59c240250b Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Sven Eisenhauer Date: Fri, 10 Nov 2023 15:11:48 +0100 Subject: add new repo --- Bachelor/CCNA4/en_CCNA4_v30/ch6/6_0_0/buttons.html | 108 ++++++++++ Bachelor/CCNA4/en_CCNA4_v30/ch6/6_0_0/content.html | 97 +++++++++ Bachelor/CCNA4/en_CCNA4_v30/ch6/6_0_0/index.html | 29 +++ Bachelor/CCNA4/en_CCNA4_v30/ch6/6_0_0/media.html | 21 ++ Bachelor/CCNA4/en_CCNA4_v30/ch6/6_1_1/buttons.html | 107 ++++++++++ Bachelor/CCNA4/en_CCNA4_v30/ch6/6_1_1/content.html | 108 ++++++++++ Bachelor/CCNA4/en_CCNA4_v30/ch6/6_1_1/index.html | 29 +++ Bachelor/CCNA4/en_CCNA4_v30/ch6/6_1_1/media.html | 21 ++ Bachelor/CCNA4/en_CCNA4_v30/ch6/6_1_2/buttons.html | 107 ++++++++++ Bachelor/CCNA4/en_CCNA4_v30/ch6/6_1_2/content.html | 175 ++++++++++++++++ Bachelor/CCNA4/en_CCNA4_v30/ch6/6_1_2/index.html | 29 +++ Bachelor/CCNA4/en_CCNA4_v30/ch6/6_1_2/media.html | 21 ++ Bachelor/CCNA4/en_CCNA4_v30/ch6/6_1_3/buttons.html | 107 ++++++++++ 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  + + + + + +
+ + + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/Bachelor/CCNA4/en_CCNA4_v30/ch6/6_0_0/content.html b/Bachelor/CCNA4/en_CCNA4_v30/ch6/6_0_0/content.html new file mode 100644 index 0000000..59b6b3b --- /dev/null +++ b/Bachelor/CCNA4/en_CCNA4_v30/ch6/6_0_0/content.html @@ -0,0 +1,97 @@ + + + + + +Content + + + + + + + + + + +
Overview
+ + + + + + +
+ + + + + +
+ The first PCs were designed as + standalone desktop systems. The operating system (OS) software + allowed one user at a time to access files and system resources. + The user had physical access to the PC. As PC-based computer + networks gained popularity in the workplace, software companies + developed specialized network operating systems (NOS). Developers + designed NOS to provide file security, user privileges, and + resource sharing among multiple users. The explosive growth of the + Internet compelled developers to build the NOS of today around + Internet-related technologies and services like the World Wide + Web.

+ Within a decade, + networking has become of central importance to desktop computing. + The distinction between modern desktop operating systems, now + loaded with networking features and services, and their NOS + counterparts has blurred. Now, most popular operating systems, + such as Microsoft Windows 2000 and Linux, are found on + high-powered network servers and on the desktops of end users.

+

Knowledge of different + operating systems will ensure that the correct operating system + is selected to offer all  the necessary services. UNIX, + Linux, Mac OS X, and several Windows operating systems will be + introduced.

+

Effective management of LANs and WANs is the key element to + maintaining a productive environment in the networking world. As + more services become available to more users, the performance of + networks suffer. Network administrators, through constant + monitoring, must recognize and be able to rectify problems before + they become noticeable to the end users.

+

Various tools and protocols are + available to monitor the network on a local and remote basis. A + comprehensive understanding of these tools is critical to + effective network management.

+

Students completing this module should be able to:

+
    +
  • Identify several potential + functions of a workstation
    • +
  • Identify several potential + functions of a server
    • +
  • Describe the roles of equipment + in a client/server environment
    • +
  • Describe the differences between + a Networking Operating System (NOS) and a traditional operating + system
    • +
  • List several Windows operating + systems and their features
    • +
  • List several alternatives to the + Windows operating systems and their features
    • +
  • Describe several functions of a + server
    • +
  • Identify network management + tools
    • +
  • Identify the driving forces + behind network management
    • +
  • Describe the OSI and network + management model
    • +
  • Describe SNMP and CMIP
    • +
  • Describe how management software + gathers information and records problems
    • +
+

   

+
+ + + + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/Bachelor/CCNA4/en_CCNA4_v30/ch6/6_0_0/index.html b/Bachelor/CCNA4/en_CCNA4_v30/ch6/6_0_0/index.html new file mode 100644 index 0000000..661f2c2 --- /dev/null +++ b/Bachelor/CCNA4/en_CCNA4_v30/ch6/6_0_0/index.html @@ -0,0 +1,29 @@ + + + + +Cisco Global Learning Network + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + <body> + + <p>This page uses frames, but your browser doesn't support them.</p> + + </body> + + + + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/Bachelor/CCNA4/en_CCNA4_v30/ch6/6_0_0/media.html b/Bachelor/CCNA4/en_CCNA4_v30/ch6/6_0_0/media.html new file mode 100644 index 0000000..21c7fbb --- /dev/null +++ b/Bachelor/CCNA4/en_CCNA4_v30/ch6/6_0_0/media.html @@ -0,0 +1,21 @@ + + + + + + +Flash Graphic + + + + + + + + + + + + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/Bachelor/CCNA4/en_CCNA4_v30/ch6/6_1_1/buttons.html b/Bachelor/CCNA4/en_CCNA4_v30/ch6/6_1_1/buttons.html new file mode 100644 index 0000000..a3d5b54 --- /dev/null +++ b/Bachelor/CCNA4/en_CCNA4_v30/ch6/6_1_1/buttons.html @@ -0,0 +1,107 @@ + + + + + + + + + + + +New Page 1 + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
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+ + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/Bachelor/CCNA4/en_CCNA4_v30/ch6/6_1_1/content.html b/Bachelor/CCNA4/en_CCNA4_v30/ch6/6_1_1/content.html new file mode 100644 index 0000000..714edad --- /dev/null +++ b/Bachelor/CCNA4/en_CCNA4_v30/ch6/6_1_1/content.html @@ -0,0 +1,108 @@ + + + + + +Content + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
+ + 6.1 + Workstations and Servers  
  + 6.1.1 + Workstations 
+ + + + + + +
+ + + A workstation is a client computer that is used to run applications + and is connected to a server from which it obtains data shared with + other computers. A server is a computer that runs a network operating + system (NOS). A workstation uses special software, such as a network + shell program to perform the following tasks: +
    +
  • Intercepts user data and application commands
    • +
  • Decides if the command is for the local operating system or for + the NOS.
    • +
  • Directs the command to the local operating system or to the + network interface card (NIC) for processing and transmission onto + the network
    • +
  • Delivers transmissions from the network to the application + running on the workstation
    • +
+

Some Windows operating systems may be installed on workstations and + servers. The NT/2000/XP versions of Windows software provide network + server capability. Windows 9x and ME versions only provide + workstation support. +

+

UNIX or Linux can serve as a desktop operating system but are + usually found on high-end computers. These workstations are employed + in engineering and scientific applications, which require dedicated + high-performance computers. Some of the specific applications that are + frequently run on UNIX workstations are included in the following + list:

+
    +
  • Computer-aided design (CAD)
    • +
  • Electronic circuit design
    • +
  • Weather data analysis
    • +
  • Computer graphics animation
    • +
  • Telecommunications equipment management
    • +
+

Most current desktop operating systems include networking + capabilities and support multi-user access. For this reason, it is + becoming more common to classify computers and operating systems based + on the types of applications the computer runs. This classification is + based on the role or function that the computer plays, such as + workstation or server. Typical desktop or low-end workstation + applications might include word processing, spreadsheets, and + financial management. On high-end workstations, + the applications might + include graphical design or equipment management and others as listed + above.

+

A diskless workstation is a special class of computer designed to + run on a network. As the name implies, it has no disk drives but does + have a monitor, keyboard, memory, booting instructions in ROM, and a + network interface card. The software that is used to establish a + network connection is loaded from the bootable ROM chip located on the + NIC.

+

Because a diskless workstation does not have any disk drives, it is + not possible to upload data from the workstation or download anything + to it. A diskless workstation cannot pass a virus onto the network, nor + can it be used to take data from the network by copying this + information to a disk drive. As a result, diskless workstations offer + greater security than ordinary workstations. For this reason, such + workstations are used in networks where security is paramount.

+

Laptops can also serve as workstations on a LAN and can be + connected through a docking station, external LAN adapter, or a PCMCIA + card. A docking station is an add-on device that turns a laptop into a + desktop.

+

    

+ +
+ + + + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/Bachelor/CCNA4/en_CCNA4_v30/ch6/6_1_1/index.html b/Bachelor/CCNA4/en_CCNA4_v30/ch6/6_1_1/index.html new file mode 100644 index 0000000..f6628ba --- /dev/null +++ b/Bachelor/CCNA4/en_CCNA4_v30/ch6/6_1_1/index.html @@ -0,0 +1,29 @@ + + + + +Cisco Global Learning Network + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + <body> + + <p>This page uses frames, but your browser doesn't support them.</p> + + </body> + + + + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/Bachelor/CCNA4/en_CCNA4_v30/ch6/6_1_1/media.html b/Bachelor/CCNA4/en_CCNA4_v30/ch6/6_1_1/media.html new file mode 100644 index 0000000..40a673a --- /dev/null +++ b/Bachelor/CCNA4/en_CCNA4_v30/ch6/6_1_1/media.html @@ -0,0 +1,21 @@ + + + + + + +Flash Graphic + + + + + + + + + + + + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/Bachelor/CCNA4/en_CCNA4_v30/ch6/6_1_2/buttons.html b/Bachelor/CCNA4/en_CCNA4_v30/ch6/6_1_2/buttons.html new file mode 100644 index 0000000..4aafcf1 --- /dev/null +++ b/Bachelor/CCNA4/en_CCNA4_v30/ch6/6_1_2/buttons.html @@ -0,0 +1,107 @@ + + + + + + + + + + + +New Page 1 + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
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+ + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/Bachelor/CCNA4/en_CCNA4_v30/ch6/6_1_2/content.html b/Bachelor/CCNA4/en_CCNA4_v30/ch6/6_1_2/content.html new file mode 100644 index 0000000..8e7c7be --- /dev/null +++ b/Bachelor/CCNA4/en_CCNA4_v30/ch6/6_1_2/content.html @@ -0,0 +1,175 @@ + + + + + +Content + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
+ + 6.1 + Workstations and Servers  
  + 6.1.2 + Servers 
+ + + + + + +
+ + + In a network operating system environment, many client systems access + and share the resources of one or more servers. + Desktop client systems + are equipped with their own memory and peripheral devices, such as a + keyboard, monitor, and a disk drive. Server systems must be + equipped to support multiple concurrent users and multiple tasks as + clients make demands on the server for remote resources. +

+ Network operating systems have additional network management tools and + features that are designed to support access by large numbers of + simultaneous users. On all but the smallest networks, NOSs are + installed on powerful servers. Many users, known as clients, share + these servers. Servers usually have high-capacity, high-speed disk + drives, large amounts of RAM, high-speed NICs, and in some cases, + multiple CPUs. These servers are typically configured to use the + Internet family of protocols, TCP/IP, and offer one or more TCP/IP + services.

+

Servers running NOSs are also used to authenticate users and + provide access to shared resources. These servers are designed to + handle requests from many clients simultaneously. Before a client can + access the server resources, the client must be identified and be + authorized to use the resource. Identification and authorization is + achieved by assigning each client an account name and password. The + account name and password are then verified by an authentication + service to permit or deny access to the network. By + centralizing user accounts, security, and access control, server-based + networks simplify the work of network administration.

+

Servers are typically larger systems than workstations and have + additional memory to support multiple tasks that are active or + resident in memory at the same time. Additional disk space is also required on servers to + hold shared files and to function as an extension to the internal + memory on the system. Also, servers typically require extra expansion + slots on their system boards to connect shared devices, such as + printers and multiple network interfaces.

+

Another feature of systems capable of acting as servers is the + processing power. Ordinarily, computers have a single CPU, which + executes the instructions that make up a given task or process. In + order to work efficiently and deliver fast responses to client + requests, a NOS server requires a powerful CPU to execute its tasks + or programs. Single processor systems with one CPU can meet the needs + of most servers if the CPU has the necessary speed. To achieve higher + execution speeds, some systems are equipped with more than one + processor. Such systems are called multiprocessor systems. + Multiprocessor systems are capable of executing multiple tasks in + parallel by assigning each task to a different processor. The + aggregate amount of work that the server can perform in a given time + is greatly enhanced in multiprocessor systems. +

+

Since servers function as central repositories of resources that + are vital to the operation of client systems, these servers must be efficient + and robust. The term robust indicates that + the server systems are able to function effectively under heavy loads. + It also means the systems are able to survive the failure of one or + more processes or components without experiencing a general system + failure. This objective is met by building redundancy into server + systems. Redundancy is the inclusion of additional hardware components + that can take over if other components fail. Redundancy is a feature + of fault tolerant systems that are designed to survive failures and + can be repaired without interruption while the systems are up and + running. Because a NOS depends on the continuous operation of its + server, the extra hardware components justify the additional expense. +

+

Server applications and functions include web services using + Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP), File Transfer Protocol (FTP), and + Domain Name System (DNS). Standard e-mail protocols supported by + network servers include Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP), Post + Office Protocol 3 (POP3), and Internet Messaging Access Protocol (IMAP). + File sharing protocols include Sun Microsystems Network File System (NFS) + and Microsoft Server Message Block (SMB). +

+

Network servers frequently provide print services. A server + may also provide Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP), which + automatically allocates IP addresses to client workstations. In addition + to running services for the clients on the network, servers can be set + to act as a basic firewall for the network. This is accomplished using + proxy or Network Address Translation (NAT), both of which hide + internal private network addresses from the Internet. +

+

One server running a NOS may work well when serving only a handful + of clients. But most organizations must deploy several servers in + order to achieve acceptable performance. A typical design separates + services so one server is responsible for e-mail, another server is + responsible for file sharing, and another is responsible for FTP.

+

The concentration of network resources, such as files, printers, + and applications on servers, also makes the data generated easier to + back up and maintain. Rather than have these resources distributed + on individual machines, network resources can be located on + specialized, dedicated servers for easy access and back up.

+ + + + +
+ + + + + +
+ +
+ + + + + +
+ + + + + +
  +

+ + + + Interactive Media Activity

+ +

PhotoZoom: Server Components

+

In this + PhotoZoom, the student will view components inside a server.

+ +

+
+
+ + +

    + +

+ + + + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/Bachelor/CCNA4/en_CCNA4_v30/ch6/6_1_2/index.html b/Bachelor/CCNA4/en_CCNA4_v30/ch6/6_1_2/index.html new file mode 100644 index 0000000..f6628ba --- /dev/null +++ b/Bachelor/CCNA4/en_CCNA4_v30/ch6/6_1_2/index.html @@ -0,0 +1,29 @@ + + + + +Cisco Global Learning Network + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + <body> + + <p>This page uses frames, but your browser doesn't support them.</p> + + </body> + + + + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/Bachelor/CCNA4/en_CCNA4_v30/ch6/6_1_2/media.html b/Bachelor/CCNA4/en_CCNA4_v30/ch6/6_1_2/media.html new file mode 100644 index 0000000..ecf09d7 --- /dev/null +++ b/Bachelor/CCNA4/en_CCNA4_v30/ch6/6_1_2/media.html @@ -0,0 +1,21 @@ + + + + + + +Flash Graphic + + + + + + + + + + + + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/Bachelor/CCNA4/en_CCNA4_v30/ch6/6_1_3/buttons.html b/Bachelor/CCNA4/en_CCNA4_v30/ch6/6_1_3/buttons.html new file mode 100644 index 0000000..fa906da --- /dev/null +++ b/Bachelor/CCNA4/en_CCNA4_v30/ch6/6_1_3/buttons.html @@ -0,0 +1,107 @@ + + + + + + + + + + + +New Page 1 + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
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+ + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/Bachelor/CCNA4/en_CCNA4_v30/ch6/6_1_3/content.html b/Bachelor/CCNA4/en_CCNA4_v30/ch6/6_1_3/content.html new file mode 100644 index 0000000..5640ccc --- /dev/null +++ b/Bachelor/CCNA4/en_CCNA4_v30/ch6/6_1_3/content.html @@ -0,0 +1,140 @@ + + + + + +Content + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
+ + 6.1 + Workstations and Servers  
  + 6.1.3 + Client-server relationship 
+ + + + + + +
+ + The client-server computing model + distributes processing over multiple computers. Distributed processing + enables access to remote systems for the purpose of sharing + information and network resources. In a client-server environment, the + client and server share or distribute processing responsibilities. + Most network operating systems are designed around the client-server + model to provide network services to users. A computer on a network + can be referred to as a host, workstation, client, or server. A + computer running TCP/IP, whether it is a workstation or a server, is + considered a host computer. +

+ + Definitions of other commonly used terms + are:

+
    +
  • + + Local host – The machine on which + the user currently is working.
    • +
  • + + Remote host – A system that is + being accessed by a user from another system.
    • +
  • + + Server – Provides resources to one + or more clients by means of a network.
    • +
  • + + Client – A machine that uses the + services from one or more servers on a network.
    • +
+

+ + An example of a client-server relationship + is a File Transfer Protocol (FTP) session. FTP is a universal method of + transferring a file from one computer to another.  For the client + to transfer a file to or from the server, the server must be running + the FTP daemon or service. In this case, the client + requests the file to be transferred. The server provides the services + necessary to receive or send the file.

+

+ + The Internet is also a good example of a + distributed processing client-server computing relationship. The + client or front end typically handles user presentation functions, + such as screen formatting, input forms, and data editing. This is done + with a browser, such as Netscape or Internet Explorer. Web browsers send + requests to web servers. When the browser requests data from the + server, the server responds, and the browser program receives a reply + from the web server. The browser then displays the HTTP data that was + received. The server or back end handles the client's requests for Web + pages and provides HTTP or WWW services.

+

+ + Another example of a client-server + relationship is a database server and a data entry or query client in + a LAN. The client or front end might be running an application written + in the C or Java language, and the server or back end could be running + Oracle or other database management software. In this case, the client + + would handle formatting and presentation tasks for the user. The + server would provide database storage and data retrieval services for + the user.

+

+ + In a typical file server environment, the + client might have to retrieve large portions of the database files to + process the files locally. This retrieval of the database files can + cause excess network traffic. With the client-server model, the client + presents a request to the server, and the server database engine might + process 100,000 records and pass only a few back to the client to + satisfy the request. Servers are typically much more powerful than + client computers and are better suited to processing large amounts of + data. With client-server computing, the large database is stored, and + the processing takes place on the server. The client has to deal only + with creating the query. A relatively small amount of data or results + might be passed across the network. This satisfies the client query + and results in less usage of network bandwidth. The graphic shows an + example of client-server computing. Note that the workstation and + server normally would be connected to the LAN by a hub or switch. +

+

+ + The distribution of functions in + client-server networks brings substantial advantages, but also incurs + some costs. Although the aggregation of resources on server systems + brings greater security, simpler access, and coordinated control, the + server introduces a single point of failure into the network. Without + an operational server, the network cannot function at all. + Additionally, servers require trained, expert staff to administer and + maintain them, which increases the expense of running the network. + Server systems require additional hardware and specialized software + that adds substantially to the cost. +

+

    +

+ + + + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/Bachelor/CCNA4/en_CCNA4_v30/ch6/6_1_3/index.html b/Bachelor/CCNA4/en_CCNA4_v30/ch6/6_1_3/index.html new file mode 100644 index 0000000..f6628ba --- /dev/null +++ b/Bachelor/CCNA4/en_CCNA4_v30/ch6/6_1_3/index.html @@ -0,0 +1,29 @@ + + + + +Cisco Global Learning Network + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + <body> + + <p>This page uses frames, but your browser doesn't support them.</p> + + </body> + + + + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/Bachelor/CCNA4/en_CCNA4_v30/ch6/6_1_3/media.html b/Bachelor/CCNA4/en_CCNA4_v30/ch6/6_1_3/media.html new file mode 100644 index 0000000..7c16152 --- /dev/null +++ b/Bachelor/CCNA4/en_CCNA4_v30/ch6/6_1_3/media.html @@ -0,0 +1,21 @@ + + + + + + +Flash Graphic + + + + + + + + + + + + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/Bachelor/CCNA4/en_CCNA4_v30/ch6/6_1_4/buttons.html b/Bachelor/CCNA4/en_CCNA4_v30/ch6/6_1_4/buttons.html new file mode 100644 index 0000000..afbcbd5 --- /dev/null +++ b/Bachelor/CCNA4/en_CCNA4_v30/ch6/6_1_4/buttons.html @@ -0,0 +1,107 @@ + + + + + + + + + + + +New Page 1 + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
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+ + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/Bachelor/CCNA4/en_CCNA4_v30/ch6/6_1_4/content.html b/Bachelor/CCNA4/en_CCNA4_v30/ch6/6_1_4/content.html new file mode 100644 index 0000000..962e39a --- /dev/null +++ b/Bachelor/CCNA4/en_CCNA4_v30/ch6/6_1_4/content.html @@ -0,0 +1,135 @@ + + + + + +Content + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
+ + 6.1 + Workstations and Servers 
  + 6.1.4 + Introduction to NOS 
+ + + + + + +
+ + A computer operating system (OS) is the + software foundation on which computer applications and services run on + a workstation. Similarly, a network operating system (NOS) enables + communication between multiple devices and the sharing of resources + across a network. A NOS operates on UNIX, Microsoft Windows NT, or + Windows 2000 network servers. +

+ + Common functions of an OS on a workstation + include controlling the computer hardware, executing programs and + providing a user interface. The OS performs these functions for a + single user. Multiple users can share the machine but they cannot log + on at the same time. In contrast, a NOS distributes functions over a + number of networked computers. A NOS depends on the services of the + native OS in each individual computer. The NOS then adds functions + that allow access to shared resources by a number of users + concurrently.

+

+ + Workstations function as clients in a NOS + environment. When a workstation becomes a client in a NOS environment, + additional specialized software enables the local user to access + non-local or remote resources, as if these resources were a part of + the local system. The NOS enhances the reach of the client workstation + by making remote services available as extensions of the local + operating system.

+

+ + A system capable of operating as a NOS + server must be able to support multiple users concurrently. The + network administrator creates an account for each user, allowing the + user to logon and connect to the server system. The user account on + the server enables the server to authenticate that user and allocate + the resources that the user is allowed to access. Systems that provide + this capability are called multi-user systems.

+

+ + A NOS server is a multitasking system, + capable of executing multiple tasks or processes at the same time. The + NOS scheduling software allocates internal processor time, memory, and + other elements of the system to different tasks in a way that allows + them to share the system resources. Each user on the multi-user system + is supported by a separate task or process internally on the server. + These internal tasks are created dynamically as users connect to the + system and are deleted when users disconnect.

+

+ + The main features to consider when + selecting a NOS are performance, management and monitoring tools, + security, scalability, and robustness or fault tolerance. The + following section briefly defines each of these features. +

+

+ + Performance
+ A NOS must perform well at reading and writing files across the + network between clients and servers. It must be able to maintain fast + performance under heavy loads, when many clients + are making requests. Consistent performance under heavy demand is an + important standard for a NOS.

+

+ + Management and monitoring
+ The management interface on the NOS server provides the tools for + server monitoring, client administration, file, print, and disk + storage management. The management interface provides tools for the + installation of new services and the configuration of those services. + Additionally, servers require regular monitoring and adjustment.

+

+ + Security
+ A NOS must protect the shared resources under its control. Security + includes authenticating user access to services to prevent + unauthorized access to the network resources. Security also performs + encryption to protect information as it travels between + clients and servers.

+

+ + Scalability
+ Scalability is the ability of a NOS to grow without degradation in + performance. The NOS must be capable of sustaining performance as new + users join the network and new servers are added to support them.

+

+ + Robustness/fault tolerance
+ A measure of robustness is the ability to deliver services + consistently under heavy load and to sustain its services if + components or processes fail. Using redundant disk devices and + balancing the workload across multiple servers can improve NOS + robustness.

+

     +

+ + + + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/Bachelor/CCNA4/en_CCNA4_v30/ch6/6_1_4/index.html b/Bachelor/CCNA4/en_CCNA4_v30/ch6/6_1_4/index.html new file mode 100644 index 0000000..f6628ba --- /dev/null +++ b/Bachelor/CCNA4/en_CCNA4_v30/ch6/6_1_4/index.html @@ -0,0 +1,29 @@ + + + + +Cisco Global Learning Network + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + <body> + + <p>This page uses frames, but your browser doesn't support them.</p> + + </body> + + + + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/Bachelor/CCNA4/en_CCNA4_v30/ch6/6_1_4/media.html b/Bachelor/CCNA4/en_CCNA4_v30/ch6/6_1_4/media.html new file mode 100644 index 0000000..3a72648 --- /dev/null +++ b/Bachelor/CCNA4/en_CCNA4_v30/ch6/6_1_4/media.html @@ -0,0 +1,21 @@ + + + + + + +Flash Graphic + + + + + + + + + + + + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/Bachelor/CCNA4/en_CCNA4_v30/ch6/6_1_5/buttons.html b/Bachelor/CCNA4/en_CCNA4_v30/ch6/6_1_5/buttons.html new file mode 100644 index 0000000..f819a26 --- /dev/null +++ b/Bachelor/CCNA4/en_CCNA4_v30/ch6/6_1_5/buttons.html @@ -0,0 +1,108 @@ + + + + + + + + + + + +New Page 1 + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
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+ + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/Bachelor/CCNA4/en_CCNA4_v30/ch6/6_1_5/content.html b/Bachelor/CCNA4/en_CCNA4_v30/ch6/6_1_5/content.html new file mode 100644 index 0000000..00c61a8 --- /dev/null +++ b/Bachelor/CCNA4/en_CCNA4_v30/ch6/6_1_5/content.html @@ -0,0 +1,120 @@ + + + + + +Content + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
+ + 6.1Workstations and Servers 
  + 6.1.5 + Microsoft NT, 2000, and .NET 
+ + + + + + +
+ +

Since the release of Windows 1.0 in + November 1985, Microsoft has produced many versions of Windows + operating systems with improvements and changes to support a variety + of users and purposes. Figure + summarizes + the current Windows OS.

+ +

NT 4 was designed to provide an + environment for mission critical business that would be more stable + than the Microsoft consumer operating systems. It is available for + both desktop (NT 4.0 Workstation) and server (NT 4.0 Server). An + advantage of NT over previous Microsoft OSs is that DOS and older + Windows programs can be executed in virtual machines (VMs). Program + failures are isolated and do not require a system restart. 

+ +

Windows NT provides a domain structure + to control user and client access to server resources. It is + administered through the User Manager for Domains application on the + domain controller. Each NT domain requires a single primary domain + controller which holds the Security Accounts Management Database (SAM) + and may have one or more backup domain controllers, each of which + contains a read-only copy of the SAM. When a user attempts to logon, + the account information is sent to the SAM database. If the + information for that account is stored in the database, the user will + be authenticated to the domain and have access to the workstation and + network resources.

+ +

Based on the NT kernel, the more recent + Windows 2000 has both desktop and server versions. Windows 2000 + supports “plug-and-play” technology, permitting installation of new + devices without the need to restart the system. Windows 2000 also + includes a file encryption system for securing data on the hard disk.

+ +

Windows 2000 + enables objects, such as users and resources, to be placed into + container objects called organizational units (OUs). Administrative + authority over each OU can be delegated to a user or group. This + feature allows more specific control than is possible with Windows NT + 4.0.

+ +

Windows 2000 Professional is not + designed to be a full NOS. It does not provide a domain controller, + DNS server, DHCP server, or render any of the services that can be + deployed with Windows 2000 Server. The primary purpose of Windows 2000 + Professional is to be part of a domain as a client-side operating + system. The type of hardware that can be installed on the system is + limited. Windows 2000 Professional can provide limited server capabilities for + small networks and peer-to-peer networks. It can be a file server, a + print server, an FTP server, and a web server, but will only support + up to ten simultaneous connections.

+ +

Windows 2000 Server adds to the + features of Windows 2000 Professional many new server-specific + functions. It can also operate as a file, print, web and application + server. The Active Directory Services feature of Windows 2000 Server + serves as the centralized point of management of users, groups, + security services, and network resources. It includes the multipurpose + capabilities required for workgroups and branch offices as well as for + departmental deployments of file and print servers, application + servers, web servers, and communication servers.

+ +

Windows 2000 Server is intended for use + in small-to-medium sized enterprise environments. It provides + integrated connectivity with Novell NetWare, UNIX, and AppleTalk + systems. It can also be configured as a communications server to + provide dialup networking services for mobile users. Windows 2000 + Advanced Server provides the additional hardware and software support + needed for enterprise and extremely large networks.

+ +

Windows .NET Server is built on the + Windows 2000 Server kernel, but tailored to provide a secure and + reliable system to run enterprise-level web and FTP sites in order to + compete with the Linux and UNIX server operating systems. The Windows + .NET Server provides XML Web Services to companies which run medium to + high volume web traffic.

+ +

     

+
+ + + + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/Bachelor/CCNA4/en_CCNA4_v30/ch6/6_1_5/index.html b/Bachelor/CCNA4/en_CCNA4_v30/ch6/6_1_5/index.html new file mode 100644 index 0000000..f6628ba --- /dev/null +++ b/Bachelor/CCNA4/en_CCNA4_v30/ch6/6_1_5/index.html @@ -0,0 +1,29 @@ + + + + +Cisco Global Learning Network + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + <body> + + <p>This page uses frames, but your browser doesn't support them.</p> + + </body> + + + + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/Bachelor/CCNA4/en_CCNA4_v30/ch6/6_1_5/media.html b/Bachelor/CCNA4/en_CCNA4_v30/ch6/6_1_5/media.html new file mode 100644 index 0000000..45adfce --- /dev/null +++ b/Bachelor/CCNA4/en_CCNA4_v30/ch6/6_1_5/media.html @@ -0,0 +1,21 @@ + + + + + + +Flash Graphic + + + + + + + + + + + + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/Bachelor/CCNA4/en_CCNA4_v30/ch6/6_1_6/buttons.html b/Bachelor/CCNA4/en_CCNA4_v30/ch6/6_1_6/buttons.html new file mode 100644 index 0000000..86ccd6f --- /dev/null +++ b/Bachelor/CCNA4/en_CCNA4_v30/ch6/6_1_6/buttons.html @@ -0,0 +1,109 @@ + + + + + + + + + + + +New Page 1 + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
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+ + 6.1 + Workstations and Servers 
  + 6.1.6 + UNIX, Sun, HP, and LINUX 
+ + + + + + +
+ +

Origins of UNIX
+ UNIX is the name of a group of operating systems that trace their + origins back to 1969 at Bell Labs. Since its inception, UNIX was + designed to support multiple users and multitasking. UNIX was also one + of the first operating systems to include support for Internet + networking protocols. The history of UNIX, which now spans over 30 + years, is complicated because many companies and organizations have + contributed to its development. +

+ +

UNIX was first written in assembly language, a primitive set of + instructions that control the internal instructions of a computer. + However, UNIX could only run on a specific type of computer. In 1971, Dennis + Ritchie created the C language. In 1973, Ritchie along with fellow + Bell Labs programmer Ken Thompson rewrote the UNIX system programs in + C language. Because C is a higher-level language, UNIX could be moved + or ported to another computer with far less programming effort. The + decision to develop this portable operating system proved to be the + key to the success of UNIX. During the 1970s, UNIX evolved through the + development work of programmers at Bell Labs and several universities, + notably the University of California, at Berkeley. + - +

+ +

When UNIX first started to be marketed commercially in the 1980s, it + was used to run powerful network servers, not desktop computers. + Today, there are dozens of different versions of UNIX, including the + following:

+
    +
  • Hewlett Packard UNIX (HP-UX) +
    • +
  • Berkeley Software Design, Inc. (BSD + UNIX), which has produced derivatives such as FreeBSD
    • +
  • Santa Cruz Operation (SCO) UNIX +
    • +
  • Sun Solaris
    • +
  • IBM UNIX (AIX)
    • +
+ +

UNIX, in its various forms, continues + to advance its position as the reliable, secure OS of choice for + mission-critical applications that are crucial to the operation of a + business or other organization. UNIX is also tightly integrated with + TCP/IP. TCP/IP basically grew out of UNIX because of the need for LAN + and WAN communications.

+ +

The Sun Microsystems Solaris Operating Environment and its core OS, + SunOS, is a high-performance, versatile, 64-bit implementation of + UNIX. Solaris runs on a wide variety of computers, from Intel-based + personal computers to powerful mainframes and supercomputers. Solaris + is currently the most widely used version of UNIX in the world for + large networks and Internet websites. Sun is also the developer of the + "Write Once, Run Anywhere" Java technology.

+ +

Despite the popularity of Microsoft Windows on corporate LANs, much of + the Internet runs on powerful UNIX systems. Although UNIX is usually + associated with expensive hardware and is no user friendly, + recent developments, including the creation of Linux, have changed + that image.

+ +

Origins of Linux
+ In 1991, a Finnish student named Linus Torvalds began work on an + operating system for an Intel 80386-based computer. Torvalds became + frustrated with the state of desktop operating systems, such as DOS, + and the expense and licensing issues associated with commercial UNIX. Torvalds set out to develop an operating system that was UNIX-like in + its operation but used software code that was open and completely free + of charge to all users.

+ +

Torvald's work led to a world-wide + collaborative effort to develop Linux, an open source operating system + that looks and feels like UNIX. By the late 1990s, Linux had become a + viable alternative to UNIX on servers and Windows on the desktop. The + popularity of Linux on desktop PCs has also contributed to interest in + using UNIX distributions, such as FreeBSD and Sun Solaris on the + desktop. Versions of Linux can now run on almost any 32-bit processor, + including the Intel 80386, Motorola 68000, Alpha, and PowerPC chips.

+ +

As with UNIX, there are numerous versions of Linux. Some are free + downloads from the web, and others are commercially distributed. The + following are a few of the most popular versions of Linux:

+
    +
  • Red Hat Linux – distributed by Red + Hat Software
    • +
  • OpenLinux – distributed by Caldera +
    • +
  • Corel Linux
    • +
  • Slackware
    • +
  • Debian GNU/Linux
    • +
  • SuSE Linux
    • +
+ +

Linux is one of the most powerful and reliable operating systems in + the world today. Because of this, Linux has already made inroads as a + platform for power users and in the enterprise server arena. Linux is + less often deployed as a corporate desktop operating system. Although + graphical user interfaces (GUIs) are available to make Linux + user-friendly, most beginning users find Linux more difficult to use + than Mac OS or Windows. Currently, many companies, such as Red Hat, + SuSE, Corel, and Caldera, are striving to make Linux a viable + operating system for the desktop. + - +

+ +

Application support must be considered + when Linux is implemented on a desktop system. The number of business + productivity applications is limited when compared to Windows. + However, some vendors provide Windows emulation software, such as WABI + and WINE, which enables many Windows applications to run on Linux. Additionally, companies such as + Corel are making Linux versions of their office suites and other + popular software packages.

+ +

Networking with Linux
+ Recent distributions of Linux have networking components built in for + connecting to a LAN, establishing a dialup connection to the Internet, + or other remote network. In fact, TCP/IP is integrated into the Linux + kernel instead of being implemented as a separate subsystem.

+ +

Some advantages of Linux as a desktop operating system and network + client include the following:

+
    +
  • It is a true 32-bit operating + system.
    • +
  • It supports preemptive multitasking and virtual memory. +
    • +
  • The code is open source and thus + available for anyone to enhance and improve.
    • +
+ +

     

+
+ + + + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/Bachelor/CCNA4/en_CCNA4_v30/ch6/6_1_6/index.html b/Bachelor/CCNA4/en_CCNA4_v30/ch6/6_1_6/index.html new file mode 100644 index 0000000..f6628ba --- /dev/null +++ b/Bachelor/CCNA4/en_CCNA4_v30/ch6/6_1_6/index.html @@ -0,0 +1,29 @@ + + + + +Cisco Global Learning Network + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + <body> + + <p>This page uses frames, but your browser doesn't support them.</p> + + </body> + + + + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/Bachelor/CCNA4/en_CCNA4_v30/ch6/6_1_6/media.html b/Bachelor/CCNA4/en_CCNA4_v30/ch6/6_1_6/media.html new file mode 100644 index 0000000..e77a8a4 --- /dev/null +++ b/Bachelor/CCNA4/en_CCNA4_v30/ch6/6_1_6/media.html @@ -0,0 +1,21 @@ + + + + + + +Flash Graphic + + + + + + + + + + + + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/Bachelor/CCNA4/en_CCNA4_v30/ch6/6_1_7/buttons.html b/Bachelor/CCNA4/en_CCNA4_v30/ch6/6_1_7/buttons.html new file mode 100644 index 0000000..7787803 --- /dev/null +++ b/Bachelor/CCNA4/en_CCNA4_v30/ch6/6_1_7/buttons.html @@ -0,0 +1,109 @@ + + + + + + + + + + + +New Page 1 + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
  + + + + + + + +
+ + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/Bachelor/CCNA4/en_CCNA4_v30/ch6/6_1_7/content.html b/Bachelor/CCNA4/en_CCNA4_v30/ch6/6_1_7/content.html new file mode 100644 index 0000000..a149338 --- /dev/null +++ b/Bachelor/CCNA4/en_CCNA4_v30/ch6/6_1_7/content.html @@ -0,0 +1,75 @@ + + + + + +Content + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
+ + 6.1 + Workstations and Servers 
  + 6.1.7 + Apple 
+ + + + + + +
+ + Apple Macintosh computers were designed + for easy networking in a peer-to-peer, workgroup situation. Network interfaces are included as part of the hardware and networking + components are built into the Macintosh operating system. Ethernet and + Token Ring network adapters are available for the Macintosh.

+ The Macintosh, or Mac, is popular in many + educational institutions and corporate graphics departments. Macs can + be connected to one another in workgroups and can access AppleShare + file servers. Macs can also be connected to PC LANs that include + Microsoft, NetWare, or UNIX servers. +

+

Mac OS X (10)
+ The Macintosh operating system, Mac OS X, is sometimes referred to as + Apple System 10.

+

Some of the features of Mac OS X are in + the GUI called Aqua. The Aqua GUI resembles a cross between Microsoft + Windows XP and Linux X-windows GUI. Mac OS X is designed to provide + features for the home computer, such as Internet browsing, video and + photo editing, and games, while still providing features that offer + powerful and customizable tools that IT professionals need in an + operating system. +

+

The Mac OS X is fully compatible with + older versions of the Mac operating systems. Mac OS X provides a new + feature that allows for AppleTalk and Windows connectivity. The Mac OS + X core operating system is called Darwin. Darwin is a UNIX-based, + powerful system that provides stability and performance. These + enhancements provide Mac OS X with support for protected memory, + preemptive multitasking, advanced memory management, and symmetric + multiprocessing. This makes Mac OS X a formidable competitor amongst + operating systems.

+

        +

+ + + + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/Bachelor/CCNA4/en_CCNA4_v30/ch6/6_1_7/index.html b/Bachelor/CCNA4/en_CCNA4_v30/ch6/6_1_7/index.html new file mode 100644 index 0000000..f6628ba --- /dev/null +++ b/Bachelor/CCNA4/en_CCNA4_v30/ch6/6_1_7/index.html @@ -0,0 +1,29 @@ + + + + +Cisco Global Learning Network + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + <body> + + <p>This page uses frames, but your browser doesn't support them.</p> + + </body> + + + + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/Bachelor/CCNA4/en_CCNA4_v30/ch6/6_1_7/media.html b/Bachelor/CCNA4/en_CCNA4_v30/ch6/6_1_7/media.html new file mode 100644 index 0000000..48813e3 --- /dev/null +++ b/Bachelor/CCNA4/en_CCNA4_v30/ch6/6_1_7/media.html @@ -0,0 +1,21 @@ + + + + + + +Flash Graphic + + + + + + + + + + + + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/Bachelor/CCNA4/en_CCNA4_v30/ch6/6_1_8/buttons.html b/Bachelor/CCNA4/en_CCNA4_v30/ch6/6_1_8/buttons.html new file mode 100644 index 0000000..82601de --- /dev/null +++ b/Bachelor/CCNA4/en_CCNA4_v30/ch6/6_1_8/buttons.html @@ -0,0 +1,108 @@ + + + + + + + + + + + +New Page 1 + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
  + + + + + + +
+ + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/Bachelor/CCNA4/en_CCNA4_v30/ch6/6_1_8/content.html b/Bachelor/CCNA4/en_CCNA4_v30/ch6/6_1_8/content.html new file mode 100644 index 0000000..8a5b98a --- /dev/null +++ b/Bachelor/CCNA4/en_CCNA4_v30/ch6/6_1_8/content.html @@ -0,0 +1,155 @@ + + + + + +Content + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
+ + 6.1 + Workstations and Servers 
  + 6.1.8 + Concept of service on servers 
+ + + + + + +
+ + Networking operating systems (NOSs) are + designed to provide network processes to clients. Network + services include the World Wide Web (WWW), file sharing, mail + exchange, directory services, remote management, and print services. + Remote management is a powerful service that allows administrators to + configure networked systems that are miles apart. It is important to + understand that these network processes are referred to as services in + Windows 2000 and daemons in UNIX and Linux. Network + processes all provide the same functions, but the way + processes are loaded and interact with the NOS are different in each + operating system. + + +

+ Depending on the NOS, some of these key + network processes may be enabled during a default installation. Most + popular network processes rely on the TCP/IP suite of protocols. + Because TCP/IP is an open, well-known set of protocols, TCP/IP-based + services are vulnerable to unauthorized scans and malicious + attacks. Denial of service (DoS) attacks, computer viruses, and + fast-spreading Internet worms have forced NOS designers to reconsider + which network services are started automatically.

+

Recent versions of popular NOSs, such + as Windows 2000 and Red Hat Linux 7, restrict the number of network + services that are on by default. When deploying a NOS, key network + services will need to be enabled manually.

+

When a user decides to print in a + networked printing environment, the job is sent to the appropriate + queue for the selected printer. Print queues stack the incoming print + jobs and services them using a first-in, first-out (FIFO) order. When a job is added to the queue, it is placed at the end of the + waiting list and printed last. The printing wait time can sometimes be long, + depending on the size of the print jobs at the head of the queue. A network print service will provide system administrators with the + necessary tools to manage the large number of print jobs being routed + throughout the network. This includes the ability to prioritize, + pause, and even delete print jobs that are waiting to be printed.

+

File sharing
+ The ability to share files over a network is an important network + service. There are many file sharing protocols and applications in use + today. Within a corporate or home network, files are typically shared + using Windows File Sharing or the Network File Sharing (NFS) protocol. + In such environments, an end user may not even know if a given file is + on a local hard disk or on a remote server. Windows File Sharing and + NFS allow users to easily move, create, and delete files in remote + directories.

+

File Transfer Protocol (FTP)
+ Many organizations make files available to remote employees, to + customers, and to the general public using FTP. FTP services are + made available to the public in conjunction with web services. For + example, a user may browse a website, read about a software update on + a web page, and then download the update using FTP. Smaller companies + may use a single server to provide FTP and HTTP services, while larger + companies may choose to use dedicated FTP servers.

+

Although FTP clients must logon, many + FTP servers are configured to allow anonymous access. When users + access a server anonymously, they do not need to have a user account + on the system. The FTP protocol also allows users to upload, rename, + and delete files, so administrators must be careful to configure an + FTP server to control levels of access.

+

FTP is a session-oriented protocol. + Clients must open an application layer session with the server, + authenticate, and then perform an action, such as download or upload. + If the client session is inactive for a certain length of time, the + server disconnects the client. This inactive length of time is called + an idle timeout. The length of an FTP idle timeout varies depending on + the software.

+

Web services
+ The World Wide Web is now the most visible network service. In less + than a decade, the World Wide Web has become a global network of + information, commerce, education, and entertainment. Millions of + companies, organizations, and individuals maintain websites on the + Internet. Websites are collections of web pages stored on a server or + group of servers.

+

The World Wide Web is based on a + client/server model. Clients attempt to establish TCP sessions with + web servers. Once a session is established, a client can request data + from the server. HTTP typically governs client requests and server + transfers. Web client software includes GUI web browsers, such as + Netscape Navigator and Internet Explorer.

+

Web pages are hosted on computers + running web service software. The two most common web server software + packages are Microsoft Internet Information Services (IIS) and Apache + Web Server. Microsoft IIS runs on a Windows platform and Apache Web + Server runs on UNIX and Linux platforms. A Web + service software package is available for virtually all operating systems currently in + production.

+

Domain Name System (DNS)
+ The Domain Name System (DNS) protocol translates an Internet name, + such as www.cisco.com, into an IP address. Many applications rely on + the directory services provided by DNS to do this work. Web browsers, + e-mail programs, and file transfer programs all use the names of + remote systems. The DNS protocol allows these clients to make requests + to DNS servers in the network for the translation of names to IP + addresses. Applications can then use the addresses to send their + messages. Without this directory lookup service, the Internet would be + almost impossible to use.

+

Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol + (DHCP)
+ The purpose of Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP) is to enable + individual computers on an IP network to learn their TCP/IP + configurations from the DHCP server or servers. DHCP servers + have no information about the individual computers until + information is requested. The overall purpose of this is to reduce the + work necessary to administer a large IP network. The most significant + piece of information distributed in this manner is the IP address that + identifies the host on the network. DHCP also allows for recovery and + the ability to automatically renew network IP addresses through a + leasing mechanism. This mechanism allocates an IP address for a + specific time period, releases it, and then assigns a new IP address. DHCP allows all this to be done by a DHCP server which saves the + system administrator considerable amount of time.

+

         + +

+ + + + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/Bachelor/CCNA4/en_CCNA4_v30/ch6/6_1_8/index.html b/Bachelor/CCNA4/en_CCNA4_v30/ch6/6_1_8/index.html new file mode 100644 index 0000000..f6628ba --- /dev/null +++ b/Bachelor/CCNA4/en_CCNA4_v30/ch6/6_1_8/index.html @@ -0,0 +1,29 @@ + + + + +Cisco Global Learning Network + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + <body> + + <p>This page uses frames, but your browser doesn't support them.</p> + + </body> + + + + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/Bachelor/CCNA4/en_CCNA4_v30/ch6/6_1_8/media.html b/Bachelor/CCNA4/en_CCNA4_v30/ch6/6_1_8/media.html new file mode 100644 index 0000000..6d9b972 --- /dev/null +++ b/Bachelor/CCNA4/en_CCNA4_v30/ch6/6_1_8/media.html @@ -0,0 +1,21 @@ + + + + + + +Flash Graphic + + + + + + + + + + + + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/Bachelor/CCNA4/en_CCNA4_v30/ch6/6_2_1/buttons.html b/Bachelor/CCNA4/en_CCNA4_v30/ch6/6_2_1/buttons.html new file mode 100644 index 0000000..fd4c70d --- /dev/null +++ b/Bachelor/CCNA4/en_CCNA4_v30/ch6/6_2_1/buttons.html @@ -0,0 +1,108 @@ + + + + + + + + + + + +New Page 1 + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
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+ + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/Bachelor/CCNA4/en_CCNA4_v30/ch6/6_2_1/content.html b/Bachelor/CCNA4/en_CCNA4_v30/ch6/6_2_1/content.html new file mode 100644 index 0000000..cbbd46b --- /dev/null +++ b/Bachelor/CCNA4/en_CCNA4_v30/ch6/6_2_1/content.html @@ -0,0 +1,165 @@ + + + + + +Content + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
+ + 6.2 + Network Management 
  + 6.2.1 + Introduction + to network management  
+ + + + + + +
+ + As a network evolves and grows, it becomes + a more critical and indispensable resource to the organization. + As more + network resources are available to users, the network becomes more + complex, and maintaining the network becomes more complicated. Loss of + network resources and poor performance are results of increased + complexity and are not acceptable to the users. + The + network administrator must actively manage the network, diagnose + problems, prevent situations from occurring, and provide the best + performance of the network for the users. At some point, networks + become too large to manage without automated network management tools.

+ + Network Management includes:

+
    +
  • + + Monitoring network availability
    • +
  • + + Improved automation
    • +
  • + + Monitoring response time
    • +
  • + + Security features
    • +
  • + + Traffic rerouting
    • +
  • + + Restoration capability
    • +
  • + + User registration
    • +
+

+ + The driving forces behind network + management are shown in Figure + and + explained below:

+
    +
  • + + Controlling corporate assets – If + network resources are not effectively controlled, they will not + provide the results that management requires.
    • +
  • + + Controlling complexity – With + massive growth in the number of network components, users, interfaces, + protocols, and vendors, loss of control of the network and its + resources threatens management.
    • +
  • + + Improved service – Users expect + the same or improved service as the network grows and the resources + become more distributed.
    • +
  • + + Balancing various needs – Users + must be provided with various applications at a given level of + support, with specific requirements in the areas of performance, + availability, and security.
    • +
  • + + Reducing downtime – Ensure high + availability of resources by proper redundant design.
    • +
  • + + Controlling costs – Monitor and + control resource utilization so that user needs can be satisfied at + a reasonable cost.
    • +  
+

Some basic network management terms are introduced in Figure + .

+ + + + + +
+ + + + + +
+ +
+ + + + + +
+ + + + + +
  +

+ + + Interactive Media Activity

+ +

Drag and Drop: Network Management Terminology

+

When the student has completed this activity, the student + will be able to identify the terminology used in Network + Management.

+ +

+
+
+ + +

    +

+ + + + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/Bachelor/CCNA4/en_CCNA4_v30/ch6/6_2_1/index.html b/Bachelor/CCNA4/en_CCNA4_v30/ch6/6_2_1/index.html new file mode 100644 index 0000000..f6628ba --- /dev/null +++ b/Bachelor/CCNA4/en_CCNA4_v30/ch6/6_2_1/index.html @@ -0,0 +1,29 @@ + + + + +Cisco Global Learning Network + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + <body> + + <p>This page uses frames, but your browser doesn't support them.</p> + + </body> + + + + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/Bachelor/CCNA4/en_CCNA4_v30/ch6/6_2_1/media.html b/Bachelor/CCNA4/en_CCNA4_v30/ch6/6_2_1/media.html new file mode 100644 index 0000000..bd7ec73 --- /dev/null +++ b/Bachelor/CCNA4/en_CCNA4_v30/ch6/6_2_1/media.html @@ -0,0 +1,21 @@ + + + + + + +Flash Graphic + + + + + + + + + + + + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/Bachelor/CCNA4/en_CCNA4_v30/ch6/6_2_2/buttons.html b/Bachelor/CCNA4/en_CCNA4_v30/ch6/6_2_2/buttons.html new file mode 100644 index 0000000..141ad48 --- /dev/null +++ b/Bachelor/CCNA4/en_CCNA4_v30/ch6/6_2_2/buttons.html @@ -0,0 +1,107 @@ + + + + + + + + + + + +New Page 1 + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
  + + + + + +
+ + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/Bachelor/CCNA4/en_CCNA4_v30/ch6/6_2_2/content.html b/Bachelor/CCNA4/en_CCNA4_v30/ch6/6_2_2/content.html new file mode 100644 index 0000000..20b8984 --- /dev/null +++ b/Bachelor/CCNA4/en_CCNA4_v30/ch6/6_2_2/content.html @@ -0,0 +1,99 @@ + + + + + +Content + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
+ + 6.2 + Network + Management 
  + 6.2.2 + OSI and + network management model 
+ + + + + + +
+ +

The International Standards Organization (ISO) created a + committee to produce a model for network management, under the + direction of the OSI group.

+ +

This model has four parts:

+
    +
  • Organization
    • +
  • Information
    • +
  • Communication
    • +
  • Functional
    • +
+ +

This is a view of network management from the top-down, divided into + four submodels and recognized by the OSI standard. +

+ +

The Organization model + describes the components of network management + such as a manager, agent, and so on, and their relationships. The arrangement + of these components leads to different types of architecture, which + will be discussed later.

+ +

The Information model is concerned with + structure and storage of network management information. + This information is stored + in a database, called a management information base (MIB). The ISO + defined the structure of management information (SMI) to define the + syntax and semantics of management information stored in the MIB. MIBs and SMI will be covered in more depth later.

+ +

The Communication model deals with how the management data is + communicated between the agent and manager process. + It is concerned with + the transport protocol, the application protocol, and commands and + responses between peers.

+ +

The Functional model addresses the network management applications + that reside upon the network management station (NMS). + The OSI network + management model categorizes five areas of function, sometimes + referred to as the FCAPS model:

+
    +
  • Fault
    • +
  • Configuration
    • +
  • Accounting
    • +
  • Performance
    • +
  • Security
    • +
+ +

This network management model has gained broad acceptance by vendors + as a useful way of describing the requirements for any network + management system.

+ +

   

+
+ + + + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/Bachelor/CCNA4/en_CCNA4_v30/ch6/6_2_2/index.html b/Bachelor/CCNA4/en_CCNA4_v30/ch6/6_2_2/index.html new file mode 100644 index 0000000..f6628ba --- /dev/null +++ b/Bachelor/CCNA4/en_CCNA4_v30/ch6/6_2_2/index.html @@ -0,0 +1,29 @@ + + + + +Cisco Global Learning Network + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + <body> + + <p>This page uses frames, but your browser doesn't support them.</p> + + </body> + + + + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/Bachelor/CCNA4/en_CCNA4_v30/ch6/6_2_2/media.html b/Bachelor/CCNA4/en_CCNA4_v30/ch6/6_2_2/media.html new file mode 100644 index 0000000..af17f6d --- /dev/null +++ b/Bachelor/CCNA4/en_CCNA4_v30/ch6/6_2_2/media.html @@ -0,0 +1,21 @@ + + + + + + +Flash Graphic + + + + + + + + + + + + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/Bachelor/CCNA4/en_CCNA4_v30/ch6/6_2_3/buttons.html b/Bachelor/CCNA4/en_CCNA4_v30/ch6/6_2_3/buttons.html new file mode 100644 index 0000000..43010bb --- /dev/null +++ b/Bachelor/CCNA4/en_CCNA4_v30/ch6/6_2_3/buttons.html @@ -0,0 +1,107 @@ + + + + + + + + + + + +New Page 1 + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
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+ + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/Bachelor/CCNA4/en_CCNA4_v30/ch6/6_2_3/content.html b/Bachelor/CCNA4/en_CCNA4_v30/ch6/6_2_3/content.html new file mode 100644 index 0000000..a64ff33 --- /dev/null +++ b/Bachelor/CCNA4/en_CCNA4_v30/ch6/6_2_3/content.html @@ -0,0 +1,119 @@ + + + + + +Content + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
+ + 6.2 + Network Management 
  + 6.2.3 + SNMP and CMIP standards 
+ + + + + + +
+ + To allow for interoperability of management across + many different network platforms, network management standards are + required so that vendors can implement and adhere to these standards. + Two main standards have emerged: +
    +
  • + + Simple Network Management Protocol – IETF community
    • +
  • + + Common Management Information Protocol + – Telecommunications community
    • +
+

+ + Simple Network Management Protocol (SNMP) + actually refers to a set of standards for network management, + including a protocol, a database structure specification, and a set of + data objects. SNMP was adopted as the standard for TCP/IP internets in + 1989 and became very popular. An upgrade, known as SNMP version 2c + (SNMPv2c) was adopted in 1993. SNMPv2c provides support for + centralized and distributed network management strategies, and + included improvements in the structure of management information (SMI), + protocol operations, management architecture, and security. This was designed to run on OSI based + networks as well as TCP/IP based networks. Since then SNMPv3 has been + released. To solve the security shortcomings of SNMPv1 and SNMPv2c, + SNMPv3 provides secure access to MIBs by authenticating and + encrypting packets over the network. The common management information + protocol (CMIP) is an OSI network management protocol that was created + and standardized by the ISO for the monitoring and control of + heterogeneous networks.

+

+ + + + +
+ + + + + +
+ +
+ + + + + +
+ + + + + +
  +

+ + Web Links

+ + +

CMIP

+ + http://www.cisco.com/en/US/tech/ + tk472/tk473/ tk119/tech_protocol_ + home.html

+ +

+

+
+
+

+       +      +

+ + + + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/Bachelor/CCNA4/en_CCNA4_v30/ch6/6_2_3/index.html b/Bachelor/CCNA4/en_CCNA4_v30/ch6/6_2_3/index.html new file mode 100644 index 0000000..f6628ba --- /dev/null +++ b/Bachelor/CCNA4/en_CCNA4_v30/ch6/6_2_3/index.html @@ -0,0 +1,29 @@ + + + + +Cisco Global Learning Network + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + <body> + + <p>This page uses frames, but your browser doesn't support them.</p> + + </body> + + + + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/Bachelor/CCNA4/en_CCNA4_v30/ch6/6_2_3/media.html b/Bachelor/CCNA4/en_CCNA4_v30/ch6/6_2_3/media.html new file mode 100644 index 0000000..e6905bc --- /dev/null +++ b/Bachelor/CCNA4/en_CCNA4_v30/ch6/6_2_3/media.html @@ -0,0 +1,21 @@ + + + + + + +Flash Graphic + + + + + + + + + + + + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/Bachelor/CCNA4/en_CCNA4_v30/ch6/6_2_4/buttons.html b/Bachelor/CCNA4/en_CCNA4_v30/ch6/6_2_4/buttons.html new file mode 100644 index 0000000..79216aa --- /dev/null +++ b/Bachelor/CCNA4/en_CCNA4_v30/ch6/6_2_4/buttons.html @@ -0,0 +1,107 @@ + + + + + + + + + + + +New Page 1 + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
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+ + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/Bachelor/CCNA4/en_CCNA4_v30/ch6/6_2_4/content.html b/Bachelor/CCNA4/en_CCNA4_v30/ch6/6_2_4/content.html new file mode 100644 index 0000000..8c73b85 --- /dev/null +++ b/Bachelor/CCNA4/en_CCNA4_v30/ch6/6_2_4/content.html @@ -0,0 +1,233 @@ + + + + + +Content + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
+ + 6.2 + Network Management 
  + 6.2.4 + SNMP operation 
+ + + + + + +
+ + Simple Network Management Protocol (SNMP) + is an application layer protocol designed to facilitate the exchange + of management information between network devices. By using SNMP to + access management information data, such as packets per second sent on + an interface or number of open TCP connections, network administrators can more easily manage + network performance to find and solve network problems.

+ + Today, SNMP is the most popular protocol + for managing diverse commercial, university, and research + internetworks.

+

+ + Standardization activity continues even as + vendors develop and release state-of-the-art SNMP-based management + applications. SNMP is a simple protocol, yet its feature set is + sufficiently powerful to handle the difficult problems involved with + the management of heterogeneous networks.

+

+ + The organizational model for SNMP based network management includes + four elements:

+
    +
  • + + Management station
    • +
  • + + Management agent
    • +
  • + + Management information base
    • +
  • + + Network management protocol
    • +
+

+ + The network management station (NMS) is + usually a standalone workstation, but it may be implemented over + several systems. It + includes a collection of software called the network management + application (NMA). The NMA includes a user interface to allow + authorized network managers to manage the network. It responds to user + commands and issued commands to management agents throughout the + network. The management agents are key network platforms and devices, + other hosts, routers, bridges and hubs, equipped with SNMP so that + they can be managed. They respond to requests for information and + requests for actions from the NMS, such as polling, and may provide the NMS + with important but unsolicited information, such as traps. All the management + information of a particular agent is stored in the management + information base on that agent. An agent might keep track of the + following:

+
    +
  • + + Number and state of its virtual circuits
    • +
  • + + Number of certain kinds of error messages + received
    • +
  • + + Number of bytes and packets in and out of + the device
    • +
  • + + Maximum output queue length, for routers + and other internetworking devices
    • +
  • + + Broadcast messages sent and received
    • +
  • + + Network interfaces going down and coming + up
    • +
+

+ + The NMS performs a monitoring function by + retrieving the values from the MIB. The NMS can cause an action to + take place at an agent. The + communication between the manager and the agent is carried out by an + application layer network management protocol. SNMP uses User Datagram + Protocol (UDP) and communicates over ports 161 and 162. It is based on + an exchange of messages. There are three common message types:

+
    +
  • + + Get – Enables the management station to retrieve the value of MIB + objects from the agent.
    • +
  • + + Set – Enables the management station to set the value of MIB + objects at the agent.
    • +
  • + + Trap – Enables the agent to notify + the management station of significant events.
    • +
+

+ + This model is referred to as a two-tier model. + However, it assumes + that all network elements are manageable by SNMP. This is not always + the case, as some devices have a proprietary management interface. In + these cases, a three-tiered model is required. + A network manager + who wants to obtain information or control this proprietary node + communicates with a proxy agent. The proxy agent then translates the + manager’s SNMP request into a form appropriate to the target system and + uses whatever proprietary management protocol is appropriate to + communicate with the target system. Responses from the target to + the proxy are translated into SNMP messages and + communicated back to the manager. +

+

+ + Network management applications often + offload some network management functionality to a remote monitor (RMON) + probe. The RMON probe gathers management information locally, and then + the network manager periodically retrieves a summary of this data.

+

+ + The NMS is an ordinary workstation, running a typical operating + system. It + has a large amount of RAM, to hold all the management + applications running at the same time. The manager runs a typical network + protocol stack, such as TCP/IP. The network management applications + rely on the host operating system, and on the communication + architecture. Examples of network management applications are + Ciscoworks2000, HP Openview, and SNMPv2c.

+

+ + As discussed before, the manager may be a standalone, centralized + workstation sending out queries to all agents, no matter where they + are located. + In a distributed network, a decentralized architecture is + more appropriate, with local NMS at each site. These distributed NMS + can act in a client-server architecture, in which one NMS acts as a + master server, and the others are clients. The clients send their data + to the master server for centralized storage. + An alternative + is that all distributed NMSs have equal responsibility, each with + their own manager databases, so the management information is + distributed over the peer NMSs. +

+

+ + + + +
+ + + + + +
+ +
+ + + + + +
+ + + + + +
  +

+ + Web Links

+ + +

SNMP and MIB Basics

+ + http://www.adventnet.com/products/ + cagent/help/ Preface/ intro_snmpmib.html

+ +

+

+
+
+

+       +     +

+ + + + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/Bachelor/CCNA4/en_CCNA4_v30/ch6/6_2_4/index.html b/Bachelor/CCNA4/en_CCNA4_v30/ch6/6_2_4/index.html new file mode 100644 index 0000000..f6628ba --- /dev/null +++ b/Bachelor/CCNA4/en_CCNA4_v30/ch6/6_2_4/index.html @@ -0,0 +1,29 @@ + + + + +Cisco Global Learning Network + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + <body> + + <p>This page uses frames, but your browser doesn't support them.</p> + + </body> + + + + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/Bachelor/CCNA4/en_CCNA4_v30/ch6/6_2_4/media.html b/Bachelor/CCNA4/en_CCNA4_v30/ch6/6_2_4/media.html new file mode 100644 index 0000000..4c91b51 --- /dev/null +++ b/Bachelor/CCNA4/en_CCNA4_v30/ch6/6_2_4/media.html @@ -0,0 +1,21 @@ + + + + + + +Flash Graphic + + + + + + + + + + + + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/Bachelor/CCNA4/en_CCNA4_v30/ch6/6_2_5/buttons.html b/Bachelor/CCNA4/en_CCNA4_v30/ch6/6_2_5/buttons.html new file mode 100644 index 0000000..e3f7b08 --- /dev/null +++ b/Bachelor/CCNA4/en_CCNA4_v30/ch6/6_2_5/buttons.html @@ -0,0 +1,107 @@ + + + + + + + + + + + +New Page 1 + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
  + + + + + +
+ + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/Bachelor/CCNA4/en_CCNA4_v30/ch6/6_2_5/content.html b/Bachelor/CCNA4/en_CCNA4_v30/ch6/6_2_5/content.html new file mode 100644 index 0000000..f13d7b3 --- /dev/null +++ b/Bachelor/CCNA4/en_CCNA4_v30/ch6/6_2_5/content.html @@ -0,0 +1,86 @@ + + + + + +Content + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
+ + 6.2 + Network Management 
  + 6.2.5 + Structure of management + information and MIBs 
+ + + + + + +
+ + A management information base (MIB) is + used to store the structured information representing network elements + and their attributes. The structure itself is defined in a standard + called the structure of management information (SMI), which defines + the data types that can be used to store an object, how those objects + are named, and how they are encoded for transmission over a network. +

+ + MIBs are highly structured depositories + for information about a device. Many standard MIBs exist, but more + MIBs that are proprietary exist to uniquely manage different vendor’s + devices. The original SMI MIB was categorized into eight different + groups, totaling 114 managed objects. More groups were added to define + MIB-II, which now replaces MIB-I.

+

+ + All managed objects in the SNMP + environment are arranged in a hierarchical or tree structure. The leaf + objects of the tree, which are the elements that appear at the bottom + of the diagram, are the actual managed objects. Each managed object + represents some resource, activity or related information that is to + be managed. A unique object identifier, which is a number in dot + notation, identifies each managed object. Each object identifier is + described using abstract syntax notation (ASN.1). +

+

+ + SNMP uses these object identifiers to + identify the MIB variables to retrieve or modify. Objects that are in + the public domain are described in MIBs introduced in Request for + Comments (RFCs). They are readily accessible at: + http://www.ietf.org

+

+ + All vendors are encouraged to make their + MIB definitions known. Once an assigned enterprise value has been + given, the vendor is responsible for creating and maintaining + sub-trees.

+

+ +          +

+ + + + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/Bachelor/CCNA4/en_CCNA4_v30/ch6/6_2_5/index.html b/Bachelor/CCNA4/en_CCNA4_v30/ch6/6_2_5/index.html new file mode 100644 index 0000000..f6628ba --- /dev/null +++ b/Bachelor/CCNA4/en_CCNA4_v30/ch6/6_2_5/index.html @@ -0,0 +1,29 @@ + + + + +Cisco Global Learning Network + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + <body> + + <p>This page uses frames, but your browser doesn't support them.</p> + + </body> + + + + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/Bachelor/CCNA4/en_CCNA4_v30/ch6/6_2_5/media.html b/Bachelor/CCNA4/en_CCNA4_v30/ch6/6_2_5/media.html new file mode 100644 index 0000000..862ae46 --- /dev/null +++ b/Bachelor/CCNA4/en_CCNA4_v30/ch6/6_2_5/media.html @@ -0,0 +1,21 @@ + + + + + + +Flash Graphic + + + + + + + + + + + + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/Bachelor/CCNA4/en_CCNA4_v30/ch6/6_2_6/buttons.html b/Bachelor/CCNA4/en_CCNA4_v30/ch6/6_2_6/buttons.html new file mode 100644 index 0000000..06af235 --- /dev/null +++ b/Bachelor/CCNA4/en_CCNA4_v30/ch6/6_2_6/buttons.html @@ -0,0 +1,108 @@ + + + + + + + + + + + +New Page 1 + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
  + + + + + + +
+ + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/Bachelor/CCNA4/en_CCNA4_v30/ch6/6_2_6/content.html b/Bachelor/CCNA4/en_CCNA4_v30/ch6/6_2_6/content.html new file mode 100644 index 0000000..9f4aadd --- /dev/null +++ b/Bachelor/CCNA4/en_CCNA4_v30/ch6/6_2_6/content.html @@ -0,0 +1,168 @@ + + + + + +Content + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
+ + 6.2 + Network Management 
  + 6.2.6 + SNMP protocol 
+ + + + + + +
+ + The agent is a software function embedded + in most networked devices, such as routers, switches, managed hubs, + printers, and servers. + + It is responsible for processing SNMP requests from the manager. It is + also responsible for the execution of routines that maintain variables + as defined in the various supported MIBs.

+ + Interaction between the manager and the + agent is facilitated by the Simple Network Management Protocol (SNMP). + The term simple comes from the restricted number of message types that + are part of the initial protocol specification. The strategy was + designed to make it easier for developers to build management + capabilities into network devices. The initial protocol specification + is referred to as SNMPv1 (version 1).

+

+ + There are three types of SNMP messages + issued on behalf of an NMS. They are GetRequest, GetNextRequest and + SetRequest. + + All three messages are acknowledged by the agent in the form of a + GetResponse message. An agent may issue a Trap message in + response to an event that affects the MIB and the underlying + resources.

+

+ + The development of SNMPv2c addressed + limitations in SNMPv1. The most noticeable enhancements were the + introduction of the GetBulkRequest message type and the addition of + 64-bit counters to the MIB. Retrieving information with GetRequest and + GetNextRequest was an inefficient method of collecting information. + Only one variable at a time could be solicited with SNMPv1. The + GetBulkRequest addresses this weakness by receiving more information + with a single request. Secondly, the 64-bit counters addressed the + issue of counters rolling over too quickly, especially with higher + speed links like Gigabit Ethernet.

+

+ + The management entity is also referred to + as the manager or network management station (NMS). + + It is responsible for soliciting information from the agent. The + solicitations are based on very specific requests. The manager + processes the retrieved information in a number of ways. The retrieved + information can be logged for later analysis, displayed using a + graphing utility, or compared with preconfigured values to test if a + particular condition has been met.

+

+ + Not all manager functions are based on + data retrieval. There is also the ability to issue changes of a value + in the managed device. This feature enables an administrator to + configure a managed device using SNMP.

+

+ + The interaction between the manager and + the managed device does introduce traffic to the network. Caution + should be taken when introducing managers on to the network. + Aggressive monitoring strategies can negatively affect network + performance. Bandwidth utilizations will go up, which may be an issue + for WAN environments. Also, monitoring has a performance impact on the + devices being monitored, since they are required to process the + manager requests. This + processing should not take precedence over production services.

+

+ + A general rule is that a minimum amount + of information should be polled as infrequently as possible. + Determine which devices and links are most critical and + what type of data is required.

+

+ + SNMP uses UDP as a transport protocol. + Since UDP is connectionless and unreliable, it is possible for SNMP to + lose messages. SNMP itself has no provision for guarantee of delivery, + so it is up to the application using SNMP to cope with lost messages.

+

+ + Each SNMP message contains a cleartext + string, called a community string. The community string is used like a + password to restrict access to managed devices. + SNMPv3 + + has addressed the security concerns raised by tranmitting + the community string in cleartext.

+

+ + An example of what the SNMPv2c message + looks like is illustrated in Figure + . A + detailed presentation of the protocol can be found in the Internet + standard RFC1905.

+

+ + The fact that the community string is + cleartext is no surprise to anyone who has studied the Internet + Protocol (IP) protocol suite. All fields specified in the protocol + suite are cleartext, except for security authentication and encryption + specifications.

+

+ + The community string was essentially a security placeholder until the + SNMPv2 working group could ratify security mechanisms. The efforts + were referred to the SNMPv3 working group. All SNMP-based management applications need to be configured to use the + appropriate community strings. Some organizations + frequently change the community string values to reduce the risk of + malicious activity from the unauthorized use of the SNMP service.

+

+ + In spite of the weakness associated with + community-based authentication, management strategies are still based + on SNMPv1. Cisco devices do support SNMPv3 message types and + the increased security capabilities, but most management + software applications do not support SNMPv3. +

+

+ + SNMPv3 supports the concurrent existence + of multiple security models. +

+

+ +     +

+ + + + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/Bachelor/CCNA4/en_CCNA4_v30/ch6/6_2_6/index.html b/Bachelor/CCNA4/en_CCNA4_v30/ch6/6_2_6/index.html new file mode 100644 index 0000000..f6628ba --- /dev/null +++ b/Bachelor/CCNA4/en_CCNA4_v30/ch6/6_2_6/index.html @@ -0,0 +1,29 @@ + + + + +Cisco Global Learning Network + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + <body> + + <p>This page uses frames, but your browser doesn't support them.</p> + + </body> + + + + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/Bachelor/CCNA4/en_CCNA4_v30/ch6/6_2_6/media.html b/Bachelor/CCNA4/en_CCNA4_v30/ch6/6_2_6/media.html new file mode 100644 index 0000000..b9a4427 --- /dev/null +++ b/Bachelor/CCNA4/en_CCNA4_v30/ch6/6_2_6/media.html @@ -0,0 +1,21 @@ + + + + + + +Flash Graphic + + + + + + + + + + + + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/Bachelor/CCNA4/en_CCNA4_v30/ch6/6_2_7/buttons.html b/Bachelor/CCNA4/en_CCNA4_v30/ch6/6_2_7/buttons.html new file mode 100644 index 0000000..1619a4e --- /dev/null +++ b/Bachelor/CCNA4/en_CCNA4_v30/ch6/6_2_7/buttons.html @@ -0,0 +1,109 @@ + + + + + + + + + + + +New Page 1 + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
  + + + + + + + +
+ + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/Bachelor/CCNA4/en_CCNA4_v30/ch6/6_2_7/content.html b/Bachelor/CCNA4/en_CCNA4_v30/ch6/6_2_7/content.html new file mode 100644 index 0000000..d50c709 --- /dev/null +++ b/Bachelor/CCNA4/en_CCNA4_v30/ch6/6_2_7/content.html @@ -0,0 +1,163 @@ + + + + + +Content + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
+ + 6.2 + Network Management 
  + 6.2.7 + Configuring SNMP  +  
+ + + + + + +
+ + In order to have the NMS communicate with + networked devices, the devices must have SNMP enabled and the SNMP + community strings configured. These devices are configured using the + command line syntax described in the following paragraphs.

+ + More than one read-only string is + supported. The default on most systems for this community string is + public. It is not advisable to use the default value in an enterprise + network. To set the read-only community string used by the agent, use + the following command: +

+
+

+ + Router(config)#snmp-server + community string ro

+
+
    +
  • + + String + – Community string that acts like a password and permits access to + the SNMP protocol
    • +
  • + + ro + – (Optional) Specifies read-only access. Authorized management + stations are only able to retrieve MIB objects.
    • +
+

+ + More than one read-write string is + supported. All SNMP objects are available for write access. The + default on most systems for this community string is private. It is + not advisable to use this value in an enterprise network. To set the + read-write community string used by the agent, use the following + command:

+
+

+ + Router(config)#snmp-server + community string rw

+
+
    +
  • + + rw + – (Optional) Specifies read-write access. Authorized management + stations are able to both retrieve and modify MIB objects
    • +
+

There are several strings that can be used to specify location of + the managed device and the main system contact for the device.

+
+

+ + Router(config)#snmp-server + location text
+ Router(config)#snmp-server contact text

+
+
    +
  • + + text + + – String that describes the system + location information
    • +
+

+ + These values are stored in the MIB + objects + + sysLocation + and + + sysContact.

+

+ + + + +
+ + + + + +
+ +
+ + + + + +
+ + + + + +
  +

+ + Web Links

+ + +

Configuring SNMP

+ + http://www.cisco.com/en/US/products/hw/ switches/ps628/products_configuration_ uide_chapter09186a00800d84c7.html

+ +

+

+
+
+

+       +         +

+ + + + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/Bachelor/CCNA4/en_CCNA4_v30/ch6/6_2_7/index.html b/Bachelor/CCNA4/en_CCNA4_v30/ch6/6_2_7/index.html new file mode 100644 index 0000000..f6628ba --- /dev/null +++ b/Bachelor/CCNA4/en_CCNA4_v30/ch6/6_2_7/index.html @@ -0,0 +1,29 @@ + + + + +Cisco Global Learning Network + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + <body> + + <p>This page uses frames, but your browser doesn't support them.</p> + + </body> + + + + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/Bachelor/CCNA4/en_CCNA4_v30/ch6/6_2_7/media.html b/Bachelor/CCNA4/en_CCNA4_v30/ch6/6_2_7/media.html new file mode 100644 index 0000000..b00c74e --- /dev/null +++ b/Bachelor/CCNA4/en_CCNA4_v30/ch6/6_2_7/media.html @@ -0,0 +1,21 @@ + + + + + + +Flash Graphic + + + + + + + + + + + + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/Bachelor/CCNA4/en_CCNA4_v30/ch6/6_2_8/buttons.html b/Bachelor/CCNA4/en_CCNA4_v30/ch6/6_2_8/buttons.html new file mode 100644 index 0000000..9474ec3 --- /dev/null +++ b/Bachelor/CCNA4/en_CCNA4_v30/ch6/6_2_8/buttons.html @@ -0,0 +1,109 @@ + + + + + + + + + + + +New Page 1 + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
  + + + + + + + +
+ + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/Bachelor/CCNA4/en_CCNA4_v30/ch6/6_2_8/content.html b/Bachelor/CCNA4/en_CCNA4_v30/ch6/6_2_8/content.html new file mode 100644 index 0000000..c6fe03d --- /dev/null +++ b/Bachelor/CCNA4/en_CCNA4_v30/ch6/6_2_8/content.html @@ -0,0 +1,218 @@ + + + + + +Content + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
+ + 6.2 + Network Management  
  + 6.2.8 + RMON 
+ + + + + + +
+ + RMON is a major step forward in + Internetwork management. It defines a remote monitoring MIB that + supplements MIB-II and provides the network manager with vital + information about the network. The remarkable feature of RMON is that + while it is simply a specification of a MIB, with no changes in the + underlying SNMP protocol, it provides a significant expansion in SNMP + functionality. +

+ + With MIB-II, the network manager can + obtain information that is purely local to individual devices. + Consider a + LAN with a number of devices on it, each with an SNMP agent. An SNMP + manager can learn of the amount of traffic into and out of each + device, but with MIB-II it cannot easily learn about the traffic on + the LAN as a whole.

+

+ + Network management in an internetworked + environment typically requires one monitor per subnetwork.

+

+ + The RMON standard originally designated + as IETF RFC 1271, now RFC 1757, was designed to provide proactive + monitoring and diagnostics for distributed LAN-based networks. + Monitoring devices, called agents or probes, on critical network + segments allow for user-defined alarms to be created and a wealth of + vital statistics to be gathered by analyzing every frame on a segment.

+

+ + The RMON standard divides monitoring + functions into nine groups to support Ethernet topologies and adds a + tenth group in RFC 1513 for Token Ring-unique parameters. The RMON + standard was crafted to be deployed as a distributed computing + architecture, where the agents and probes communicate with a central + management station, a client, using Simple Network Management Protocol + (SNMP). These agents have defined SNMP MIB structures for all nine or + ten Ethernet or Token Ring RMON groups, allowing interoperability + between vendors of RMON-based diagnostic tools. The RMON groups are + defined as: +

+
    +
  • + + Statistics group – Maintains + utilization and error statistics for the subnetwork or segment being + monitored. Examples are bandwidth utilization, broadcast, multicast, CRC + alignment, fragments, and so on.
    • +
  • + + History group – Holds periodic + statistical samples from the statistics group and stores them for + later retrieval. Examples are utilization, error count, and packet + count.
    • +
  • + + Alarm group – Allows the + administrator to set a sampling interval and threshold for any item + recorded by the agent. Examples are absolute or relative values and + rising or falling thresholds.
    • +
  • + + Host group – Defines the + measurement of various types of traffic to and from hosts attached + to the network. Examples are packets sent or received, bytes + sent or received, errors, and broadcast and multicast packets.
    • +
  • + + Host TopN group – Provides a + report of TopN hosts based on host group statistics.
    • +
  • + + Traffic matrix group – Stores + errors and utilization statistics for pairs of communicating nodes + of the network. Examples are errors, bytes, and packets.
    • +
  • + + Filter group – A filter engine + that generates a packet stream from frames that match the pattern + specified by the user.
    • +
  • + + Packet capture group – Defines how + packets that match filter criteria are buffered internally.
    • +
  • + + Event group – Allows the logging + of events, also called generated traps, to the manager, together with time and + date. Examples are customized reports based upon the type of alarm.
    • +
+ + + + +
+ + + + + +
+ +
+ + + + + +
+ + + + + +
  +

+ + + Interactive Media Activity

+ +

Matching: RMON Matching Activity

+

When the student has completed this activity, the student + will be able to understand how RMON operates and its terms and + definitions.

+ +

+
+
+ + +     + + + + + +
+ + + + + +
+ +
+ + + + + +
+ + + + + +
  +

+ + Web Links

+ + +

RMON

+ + http://www.cisco.com/en/US/tech/tk648/ tk362/tk560/tech_protocol_ + home.html

+ +

+

+
+
+

+       +    

+
+ + + + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/Bachelor/CCNA4/en_CCNA4_v30/ch6/6_2_8/index.html b/Bachelor/CCNA4/en_CCNA4_v30/ch6/6_2_8/index.html new file mode 100644 index 0000000..f6628ba --- /dev/null +++ b/Bachelor/CCNA4/en_CCNA4_v30/ch6/6_2_8/index.html @@ -0,0 +1,29 @@ + + + + +Cisco Global Learning Network + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + <body> + + <p>This page uses frames, but your browser doesn't support them.</p> + + </body> + + + + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/Bachelor/CCNA4/en_CCNA4_v30/ch6/6_2_8/media.html b/Bachelor/CCNA4/en_CCNA4_v30/ch6/6_2_8/media.html new file mode 100644 index 0000000..a34cf57 --- /dev/null +++ b/Bachelor/CCNA4/en_CCNA4_v30/ch6/6_2_8/media.html @@ -0,0 +1,21 @@ + + + + + + +Flash Graphic + + + + + + + + + + + + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/Bachelor/CCNA4/en_CCNA4_v30/ch6/6_2_9/buttons.html b/Bachelor/CCNA4/en_CCNA4_v30/ch6/6_2_9/buttons.html new file mode 100644 index 0000000..2535292 --- /dev/null +++ b/Bachelor/CCNA4/en_CCNA4_v30/ch6/6_2_9/buttons.html @@ -0,0 +1,109 @@ + + + + + + + + + + + +New Page 1 + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
  + + + + + + + +
+ + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/Bachelor/CCNA4/en_CCNA4_v30/ch6/6_2_9/content.html b/Bachelor/CCNA4/en_CCNA4_v30/ch6/6_2_9/content.html new file mode 100644 index 0000000..18ab0b4 --- /dev/null +++ b/Bachelor/CCNA4/en_CCNA4_v30/ch6/6_2_9/content.html @@ -0,0 +1,218 @@ + + + + + +Content + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
+ + 6.2 + Network Management 
  + 6.2.9 + Syslog 
+ + + + + + +
+ + The Cisco syslog logging utility is based + on the UNIX syslog utility. System events are usually logged to the + system console unless disabled. The syslog utility is a mechanism for + applications, processes, and the operating system of Cisco devices to + report activity and error conditions. The syslog protocol is used + to allow Cisco devices to issue these unsolicited messages to a + network management station.

+ + Every syslog message logged is associated + with a timestamp, a facility, a severity, and a textual log message. + These messages are sometimes the only means of gaining insight into + some device misbehaviors.

+

+ + Severity level indicates the critical + nature of the error message. + There are + eight levels of severity, 0-7, with level 0 (zero) being the most critical, + and level 7 the least critical. The levels are as + follows:

+
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
0 + + + Emergencies
1 + + + Alerts
2 + + + Critical
3 + + + Errors
4 + + + Warnings
5 + + + Notifications
6 + + + Informational
7 + + + Debugging
+ +
+

+ + The facility and severity level fields + are used for processing the messages. Level 0 (zero) to level 7 are facility + types provided for custom log message processing. The Cisco IOS defaults to + severity level 6.This setting is configurable.

+

+ + In order to have the NMS receive and + record system messages from a device, the device must have syslog + configured. + Below is a review of the command line syntax on + how to configure these devices.

+

+ + To enable logging to all supported + destinations:

+
+

+ + Router(config)#logging on

+
+

+ + To send log messages to a syslog server + host, such as CiscoWorks2000:

+
+

+ + Router(config)#logging hostname | + ip + address

+
+

+ + To set logging severity level to level 6, + informational:

+
+

+ + Router(config)#logging trap informational

+
+

+ + To include timestamp with syslog message:

+
+

+ + Router(config)#service timestamps log datetime

+
+

+ + + + +
+ + + + + +
+ +
+ + + + + +
+ + + + + +
  +

+ + Web Links

+ + +

Syslog

+ + http://www.cisco.com/en/US/tech/tk648/ tk362/tk790/tech_protocol_ + home.html

+ +

+

+
+
+

+       +         +

+ + + + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/Bachelor/CCNA4/en_CCNA4_v30/ch6/6_2_9/index.html b/Bachelor/CCNA4/en_CCNA4_v30/ch6/6_2_9/index.html new file mode 100644 index 0000000..f6628ba --- /dev/null +++ b/Bachelor/CCNA4/en_CCNA4_v30/ch6/6_2_9/index.html @@ -0,0 +1,29 @@ + + + + +Cisco Global Learning Network + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + <body> + + <p>This page uses frames, but your browser doesn't support them.</p> + + </body> + + + + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/Bachelor/CCNA4/en_CCNA4_v30/ch6/6_2_9/media.html b/Bachelor/CCNA4/en_CCNA4_v30/ch6/6_2_9/media.html new file mode 100644 index 0000000..ee8f692 --- /dev/null +++ b/Bachelor/CCNA4/en_CCNA4_v30/ch6/6_2_9/media.html @@ -0,0 +1,21 @@ + + + + + + +Flash Graphic + + + + + + + + + + + + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/Bachelor/CCNA4/en_CCNA4_v30/ch6/main.html b/Bachelor/CCNA4/en_CCNA4_v30/ch6/main.html new file mode 100644 index 0000000..b388ad9 --- /dev/null +++ b/Bachelor/CCNA4/en_CCNA4_v30/ch6/main.html @@ -0,0 +1,26 @@ + + + + +Cisco Networking Academy Program + + + + + + + + + + + + + <body> + + <p>This page uses frames, but your browser doesn't support them.</p> + + </body> + + + + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/Bachelor/CCNA4/en_CCNA4_v30/ch6/zoom6_1_2/PZ_server_components.swf b/Bachelor/CCNA4/en_CCNA4_v30/ch6/zoom6_1_2/PZ_server_components.swf new file mode 100644 index 0000000..a30fcb3 Binary files /dev/null and b/Bachelor/CCNA4/en_CCNA4_v30/ch6/zoom6_1_2/PZ_server_components.swf differ diff --git a/Bachelor/CCNA4/en_CCNA4_v30/ch6/zoom6_1_2/zoom6_1_2.html b/Bachelor/CCNA4/en_CCNA4_v30/ch6/zoom6_1_2/zoom6_1_2.html new file mode 100644 index 0000000..ccbcfe4 --- /dev/null +++ b/Bachelor/CCNA4/en_CCNA4_v30/ch6/zoom6_1_2/zoom6_1_2.html @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ + + +PhotoZoom + + + + + + + + + \ No newline at end of file -- cgit v1.2.3