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Diffstat (limited to 'Bachelor/CCNA4/en_CCNA4_v30/ch6')
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+
+<head>
+<meta http-equiv="Content-Language" content="en-us">
+<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=windows-1252">
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+<base target="_self">
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+
+<body background="../../images/bg.gif" topmargin="0" leftmargin="0" marginheight="0" marginwidth="0" onLoad="window.focus();" link="#808080" vlink="#808080" alink="#808080">
+
+<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="100%">
+ <tr>
+ <td bgcolor="#336666"><img border="0" src="../../images/content_lines.gif" width="16" height="25"><font face="Arial" size="2" color="#000000"><img border="0" src="../../images/transdot.gif"
+ width="2" height="1"></font></td>
+ <td width="100%" bgcolor="#336666"><b><font face="Arial" size="2" color="#FFFFFF">Overview</font></b></td>
+ </tr>
+</table>
+
+<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="95%" bordercolor="#111111">
+ <tr>
+ <td width="20"></td>
+ <td>
+
+ <table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" bordercolor="#111111" width="95%">
+ <tr>
+ <td width="100%">
+ <font face="Arial" size="2">The first PCs were designed as
+ standalone desktop systems. The operating system (OS) software
+ allowed one user at a time to access files and system resources.
+ The user had physical access to the PC. As PC-based computer
+ networks gained popularity in the workplace, software companies
+ developed specialized network operating systems (NOS). Developers
+ designed NOS to provide file security, user privileges, and
+ resource sharing among multiple users. The explosive growth of the
+ Internet compelled developers to build the NOS of today around
+ Internet-related technologies and services like the World Wide
+ Web.</font><p>
+ <font face="Arial" size="2">Within a decade,
+ networking has become of central importance to desktop computing.
+ The distinction between modern desktop operating systems, now
+ loaded with networking features and services, and their NOS
+ counterparts has blurred. Now, most popular operating systems,
+ such as Microsoft Windows 2000 and Linux, are found on
+ high-powered network servers and on the desktops of end users.</font></p>
+ <p><font face="Arial" size="2">Knowledge of different
+ operating systems will ensure that the correct operating system
+ is selected to offer all the necessary services. UNIX,
+ Linux, Mac OS X, and several Windows operating systems will be
+ introduced.</font></p>
+ <p><font face="Arial" size="2">Effective management of LANs and WANs is the key element to
+ maintaining a productive environment in the networking world. As
+ more services become available to more users, the performance of
+ networks suffer. Network administrators, through constant
+ monitoring, must recognize and be able to rectify problems before
+ they become noticeable to the end users.</font></p>
+ <p><font face="Arial" size="2">Various tools and protocols are
+ available to monitor the network on a local and remote basis. A
+ comprehensive understanding of these tools is critical to
+ effective network management.</font></p>
+ <p><font face="Arial" size="2">Students completing this module should be able to:</font></p>
+ <ul>
+ <li><font face="Arial" size="2">Identify several potential
+ functions of a workstation</font></li>
+ <li><font face="Arial" size="2">Identify several potential
+ functions of a server</font></li>
+ <li><font face="Arial" size="2">Describe the roles of equipment
+ in a client/server environment</font></li>
+ <li><font face="Arial" size="2">Describe the differences between
+ a Networking Operating System (NOS) and a traditional operating
+ system</font></li>
+ <li><font face="Arial" size="2">List several Windows operating
+ systems and their features</font></li>
+ <li><font face="Arial" size="2">List several alternatives to the
+ Windows operating systems and their features</font></li>
+ <li><font face="Arial" size="2">Describe several functions of a
+ server</font></li>
+ <li><font face="Arial" size="2">Identify network management
+ tools</font></li>
+ <li><font face="Arial" size="2">Identify the driving forces
+ behind network management</font></li>
+ <li><font face="Arial" size="2">Describe the OSI and network
+ management model</font></li>
+ <li><font face="Arial" size="2">Describe SNMP and CMIP</font></li>
+ <li><font face="Arial" size="2">Describe how management software
+ gathers information and records problems</font></li>
+ </ul>
+ <p><font face="Arial" size="2"> </font></td>
+ </tr>
+ </table>
+ </td>
+ </tr>
+ </table>
+
+</body>
+
+</html>
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+
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+<title>Cisco Global Learning Network</title>
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+
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+
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+
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+<title>Flash Graphic</title>
+</head>
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+<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=windows-1252">
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+
+ image3on = new Image();
+ image3on.src = "../../images/back_ov.gif";
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+}
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+function changeImages() {
+ if (document.images) {
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+ document[changeImages.arguments[i]].src = eval(changeImages.arguments[i+1] + ".src");
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+<body bgcolor="#cccccc" topmargin="0" leftmargin="0" marginheight="0" marginwidth="0">
+
+<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" height="48" width="100%" style="border-collapse: collapse" bordercolor="#111111">
+ <tr>
+ <td bgcolor="#336666" width="100%" height="48" align="right"><font color="#FFFFFF" size="2" face="Arial"><b> </b></font>
+ <img name="hint" border="0" src="../../images/menu_up.gif" width="136" height="19"></td>
+ <td bgcolor="#336666" align="left" height="48"><a onMouseOver="changeImages('image1', 'image1on'); changeImages('hint', 'image1hint');" onMouseOut="changeImages('image1', 'image1off'); changeImages('hint', 'imageHint');" href="javascript:openIndex('ch6');">
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+ <td bgcolor="#336666" width="100%" valign="middle" height="48"><a href="../../ch6/6_1_2/index.html" target="main" onMouseOver="changeImages('image4', 'image4on'); changeImages('hint', 'image4hint');" onMouseOut="changeImages('image4', 'image4off'); changeImages('hint', 'imageHint');">
+ <img name="image4" border="0" src="../../images/next_up.gif" width="30" height="48"></a></td>
+ <td height="48"><img border="0" src="../../images/menu_bar.gif" width="15" height="48"></td>
+ </tr>
+</table>
+
+</html>
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/Bachelor/CCNA4/en_CCNA4_v30/ch6/6_1_1/content.html b/Bachelor/CCNA4/en_CCNA4_v30/ch6/6_1_1/content.html new file mode 100644 index 0000000..714edad --- /dev/null +++ b/Bachelor/CCNA4/en_CCNA4_v30/ch6/6_1_1/content.html @@ -0,0 +1,108 @@ +<html>
+
+<head>
+<meta http-equiv="Content-Language" content="en-us">
+<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=windows-1252">
+<title>Content</title>
+<base target="_self">
+</head>
+
+<body background="../../images/bg.gif" topmargin="0" leftmargin="0" marginheight="0" marginwidth="0" onLoad="window.focus();" link="#808080" vlink="#808080" alink="#808080">
+
+<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="100%">
+ <tr>
+ <td bgcolor="#336666" width="18" valign="top">
+ <img border="0" src="../../images/content_lines.gif" width="16" height="25">
+ <img border="0" src="../../images/transdot.gif" width="2" height="1"></td>
+ <td bgcolor="#336666"><b><font face="Arial" size="2" color="#FFFFFF">6.1</b></font></td>
+ <td bgcolor="#336666"><img border="0" src="../../images/transdot.gif" width="10" height="1"></td>
+ <td bgcolor="#336666" width="100%"><b><font face="Arial" size="2" color="#FFFFFF">
+ <strong>Workstations and Servers</strong> </font></b></td>
+ <td width="9" bgcolor="#336666"> </td>
+ </tr>
+ <tr>
+ <td bgcolor="#669999" height="25" width="18"> </td>
+ <td bgcolor="#669999" height="25"><b>
+ <font face="Arial" size="2" color="#FFFFFF">6.1.1</font></b></td>
+ <td bgcolor="#669999"><img border="0" src="../../images/transdot.gif" width="10" height="1"></td>
+ <td bgcolor="#669999" height="25" width="100%"><strong>
+ <font size="2" color="#FFFFFF"><span style="font-family: Arial">Workstations</span></font></strong></td>
+ <td bgcolor="#669999" height="25" width="9"> </td>
+ </tr></table>
+
+<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="95%" bordercolor="#111111">
+ <tr>
+ <td width="15"></td>
+ <td>
+
+ <font FACE="Arial" SIZE="2">
+ A workstation is a client computer that is used to run applications
+ and is connected to a server from which it obtains data shared with
+ other computers. A server is a computer that runs a network operating
+ system (NOS). A workstation uses special software, such as a network
+ shell program to perform the following tasks:
+ <ul>
+ <li>Intercepts user data and application commands</li>
+ <li>Decides if the command is for the local operating system or for
+ the NOS.</li>
+ <li>Directs the command to the local operating system or to the
+ network interface card (NIC) for processing and transmission onto
+ the network</li>
+ <li>Delivers transmissions from the network to the application
+ running on the workstation</li>
+ </ul>
+ <p>Some Windows operating systems may be installed on workstations and
+ servers. The NT/2000/XP versions of Windows software provide network
+ server capability. Windows 9x and ME versions only provide
+ workstation support.
+ <img border="0" src="../../images/1.gif" align="absmiddle" width="12" height="12"></p>
+ <p>UNIX or Linux can serve as a desktop operating system but are
+ usually found on high-end computers. These workstations are employed
+ in engineering and scientific applications, which require dedicated
+ high-performance computers. Some of the specific applications that are
+ frequently run on UNIX workstations are included in the following
+ list: </p>
+ <ul>
+ <li>Computer-aided design (CAD)</li>
+ <li>Electronic circuit design</li>
+ <li>Weather data analysis</li>
+ <li>Computer graphics animation</li>
+ <li>Telecommunications equipment management</li>
+ </ul>
+ <p>Most current desktop operating systems include networking
+ capabilities and support multi-user access. For this reason, it is
+ becoming more common to classify computers and operating systems based
+ on the types of applications the computer runs. This classification is
+ based on the role or function that the computer plays, such as
+ workstation or server. Typical desktop or low-end workstation
+ applications might include word processing, spreadsheets, and
+ financial management. On high-end workstations,
+ <img border="0" src="../../images/2.gif" align="absmiddle" width="12" height="12"> the applications might
+ include graphical design or equipment management and others as listed
+ above. </p>
+ <p>A diskless workstation is a special class of computer designed to
+ run on a network. As the name implies, it has no disk drives but does
+ have a monitor, keyboard, memory, booting instructions in ROM, and a
+ network interface card. The software that is used to establish a
+ network connection is loaded from the bootable ROM chip located on the
+ NIC.</p>
+ <p>Because a diskless workstation does not have any disk drives, it is
+ not possible to upload data from the workstation or download anything
+ to it. A diskless workstation cannot pass a virus onto the network, nor
+ can it be used to take data from the network by copying this
+ information to a disk drive. As a result, diskless workstations offer
+ greater security than ordinary workstations. For this reason, such
+ workstations are used in networks where security is paramount.</p>
+ <p>Laptops can also serve as workstations on a LAN and can be
+ connected through a docking station, external LAN adapter, or a PCMCIA
+ card. A docking station is an add-on device that turns a laptop into a
+ desktop. <img border="0" src="../../images/3.gif" align="absmiddle" width="12" height="12"></p>
+ <p> </p>
+ </font>
+ </td>
+ </tr>
+ </table>
+
+</body>
+
+</html>
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+
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+
+</html>
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/Bachelor/CCNA4/en_CCNA4_v30/ch6/6_1_1/media.html b/Bachelor/CCNA4/en_CCNA4_v30/ch6/6_1_1/media.html new file mode 100644 index 0000000..40a673a --- /dev/null +++ b/Bachelor/CCNA4/en_CCNA4_v30/ch6/6_1_1/media.html @@ -0,0 +1,21 @@ +<html>
+
+<head>
+
+
+
+<title>Flash Graphic</title>
+</head>
+
+<body bgcolor="#FFFFFF" topmargin="1" leftmargin="1">
+<OBJECT classid="clsid:D27CDB6E-AE6D-11cf-96B8-444553540000"
+ codebase="http://download.macromedia.com/pub/shockwave/cabs/flash/swflash.cab#version=6,0,0,0"
+ WIDTH="100%" HEIGHT="100%">
+ <PARAM NAME=movie VALUE="../../flash/ch06/6_1_1.swf"> <PARAM NAME=quality VALUE=high> <PARAM NAME=bgcolor VALUE=#FFFFFF>
+ <EMBED src="../../flash/ch06/6_1_1.swf" quality=high bgcolor=#FFFFFF WIDTH="100%" HEIGHT="100%" TYPE="application/x-shockwave-flash" PLUGINSPAGE="http://www.macromedia.com/go/getflashplayer"></EMBED></OBJECT>
+
+
+
+</body>
+
+</html>
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/Bachelor/CCNA4/en_CCNA4_v30/ch6/6_1_2/buttons.html b/Bachelor/CCNA4/en_CCNA4_v30/ch6/6_1_2/buttons.html new file mode 100644 index 0000000..4aafcf1 --- /dev/null +++ b/Bachelor/CCNA4/en_CCNA4_v30/ch6/6_1_2/buttons.html @@ -0,0 +1,107 @@ +<html>
+
+<head>
+
+
+
+<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=windows-1252">
+<meta http-equiv="Content-Language" content="en-us">
+
+
+
+<title>New Page 1</title>
+<script language="JavaScript" src="../../javascript/buttons.js"></script>
+
+
+<script language="JavaScript">
+
+<!--
+
+if (document.images) {
+ image1on = new Image();
+ image1on.src = "../../images/index_ov.gif";
+
+ image2on = new Image();
+ image2on.src = "../../images/glossary_ov.gif";
+
+ image3on = new Image();
+ image3on.src = "../../images/back_ov.gif";
+
+ image4on = new Image();
+ image4on.src = "../../images/next_ov.gif";
+
+ image5on = new Image();
+ image5on.src = "../../images/quiz_ov.gif";
+
+ image1off = new Image();
+ image1off.src = "../../images/index_up.gif";
+
+ image2off = new Image();
+ image2off.src = "../../images/glossary_up.gif";
+
+ image3off = new Image();
+ image3off.src = "../../images/back_up.gif";
+
+ image4off = new Image();
+ image4off.src = "../../images/next_up.gif";
+
+ image5off = new Image();
+ image5off.src = "../../images/quiz_up.gif";
+
+ image1hint = new Image();
+ image1hint.src = "../../images/menu_index.gif";
+
+ image2hint = new Image();
+ image2hint.src = "../../images/menu_glossary.gif";
+
+ image3hint = new Image();
+ image3hint.src = "../../images/menu_back.gif";
+
+ image4hint = new Image();
+ image4hint.src = "../../images/menu_next.gif";
+
+ image5hint = new Image();
+ image5hint.src = "../../images/menu_quiz.gif";
+
+ imageHint = new Image();
+ imageHint.src = "../../images/menu_up.gif";
+}
+
+function changeImages() {
+ if (document.images) {
+ for (var i=0; i<changeImages.arguments.length; i+=2) {
+ document[changeImages.arguments[i]].src = eval(changeImages.arguments[i+1] + ".src");
+ }
+ }
+}
+
+// -->
+</script>
+
+
+<base target="_self">
+
+
+</head>
+
+<body bgcolor="#cccccc" topmargin="0" leftmargin="0" marginheight="0" marginwidth="0">
+
+<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" height="48" width="100%" style="border-collapse: collapse" bordercolor="#111111">
+ <tr>
+ <td bgcolor="#336666" width="100%" height="48" align="right"><font color="#FFFFFF" size="2" face="Arial"><b> </b></font>
+ <img name="hint" border="0" src="../../images/menu_up.gif" width="136" height="19"></td>
+ <td bgcolor="#336666" align="left" height="48"><a onMouseOver="changeImages('image1', 'image1on'); changeImages('hint', 'image1hint');" onMouseOut="changeImages('image1', 'image1off'); changeImages('hint', 'imageHint');" href="javascript:openIndex('ch6');">
+ <img name="image1" border="0" src="../../images/index_up.gif" width="31" height="48"></a></td>
+ <td bgcolor="#336666" align="left" height="48"><a onMouseOver="changeImages('image5', 'image5on'); changeImages('hint', 'image5hint');" onMouseOut="changeImages('image5', 'image5off'); changeImages('hint', 'imageHint');" href="javascript:openQuiz('ch06');">
+ <img name="image5" border="0" src="../../images/quiz_up.gif" width="31" height="48"></a></td>
+ <td bgcolor="#336666" align="left" height="48"><a href="javascript:openGlossary();" onMouseOver="changeImages('image2', 'image2on'); changeImages('hint', 'image2hint');" onMouseOut="changeImages('image2', 'image2off'); changeImages('hint', 'imageHint');">
+ <img name="image2" border="0" src="../../images/glossary_up.gif" width="31" height="48"></a></td>
+ <td bgcolor="#336666" valign="middle" align="left" height="48"><a href="../../ch6/6_1_1/index.html" target="main" onMouseOver="changeImages('image3', 'image3on'); changeImages('hint', 'image3hint');" onMouseOut="changeImages('image3', 'image3off'); changeImages('hint', 'imageHint');">
+ <img name="image3" border="0" src="../../images/back_up.gif" width="30" height="48"></a></td>
+ <td bgcolor="#336666" width="100%" valign="middle" height="48"><a href="../../ch6/6_1_3/index.html" target="main" onMouseOver="changeImages('image4', 'image4on'); changeImages('hint', 'image4hint');" onMouseOut="changeImages('image4', 'image4off'); changeImages('hint', 'imageHint');">
+ <img name="image4" border="0" src="../../images/next_up.gif" width="30" height="48"></a></td>
+ <td height="48"><img border="0" src="../../images/menu_bar.gif" width="15" height="48"></td>
+ </tr>
+</table>
+
+</html>
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/Bachelor/CCNA4/en_CCNA4_v30/ch6/6_1_2/content.html b/Bachelor/CCNA4/en_CCNA4_v30/ch6/6_1_2/content.html new file mode 100644 index 0000000..8e7c7be --- /dev/null +++ b/Bachelor/CCNA4/en_CCNA4_v30/ch6/6_1_2/content.html @@ -0,0 +1,175 @@ +<html>
+
+<head>
+<meta http-equiv="Content-Language" content="en-us">
+<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=windows-1252">
+<title>Content</title>
+<base target="_self">
+</head>
+
+<body background="../../images/bg.gif" topmargin="0" leftmargin="0" marginheight="0" marginwidth="0" onLoad="window.focus();" link="#808080" vlink="#808080" alink="#808080">
+
+<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="100%">
+ <tr>
+ <td bgcolor="#336666" width="18" valign="top">
+ <img border="0" src="../../images/content_lines.gif" width="16" height="25">
+ <img border="0" src="../../images/transdot.gif" width="2" height="1"></td>
+ <td bgcolor="#336666"><b><font face="Arial" size="2" color="#FFFFFF">6.1</b></font></td>
+ <td bgcolor="#336666"><img border="0" src="../../images/transdot.gif" width="10" height="1"></td>
+ <td bgcolor="#336666" width="100%"><b><font face="Arial" size="2" color="#FFFFFF">
+ <strong>Workstations and Servers</strong> </font></b></td>
+ <td width="9" bgcolor="#336666"> </td>
+ </tr>
+ <tr>
+ <td bgcolor="#669999" height="25" width="18"> </td>
+ <td bgcolor="#669999" height="25"><b>
+ <font face="Arial" size="2" color="#FFFFFF">6.1.2</font></b></td>
+ <td bgcolor="#669999"><img border="0" src="../../images/transdot.gif" width="10" height="1"></td>
+ <td bgcolor="#669999" height="25" width="100%"><b>
+ <font face="Arial" size="2" color="#FFFFFF">Servers</font></b></td>
+ <td bgcolor="#669999" height="25" width="9"> </td>
+ </tr></table>
+
+<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="95%" bordercolor="#111111">
+ <tr>
+ <td width="15"></td>
+ <td>
+
+ <font FACE="Arial" SIZE="2">
+ In a network operating system environment, many client systems access
+ and share the resources of one or more servers.
+ <img border="0" src="../../images/1.gif" align="absmiddle" width="12" height="12"> Desktop client systems
+ are equipped with their own memory and peripheral devices, such as a
+ keyboard, monitor, and a disk drive. Server systems must be
+ equipped to support multiple concurrent users and multiple tasks as
+ clients make demands on the server for remote resources.
+ <img border="0" src="../../images/2.gif" align="absmiddle" width="12" height="12"><p>
+ Network operating systems have additional network management tools and
+ features that are designed to support access by large numbers of
+ simultaneous users. On all but the smallest networks, NOSs are
+ installed on powerful servers. Many users, known as clients, share
+ these servers. Servers usually have high-capacity, high-speed disk
+ drives, large amounts of RAM, high-speed NICs, and in some cases,
+ multiple CPUs. These servers are typically configured to use the
+ Internet family of protocols, TCP/IP, and offer one or more TCP/IP
+ services.</p>
+ <p>Servers running NOSs are also used to authenticate users and
+ provide access to shared resources. These servers are designed to
+ handle requests from many clients simultaneously. Before a client can
+ access the server resources, the client must be identified and be
+ authorized to use the resource. Identification and authorization is
+ achieved by assigning each client an account name and password. The
+ account name and password are then verified by an authentication
+ service to permit or deny access to the network. By
+ centralizing user accounts, security, and access control, server-based
+ networks simplify the work of network administration. </p>
+ <p>Servers are typically larger systems than workstations and have
+ additional memory to support multiple tasks that are active or
+ resident in memory at the same time. Additional disk space is also required on servers to
+ hold shared files and to function as an extension to the internal
+ memory on the system. Also, servers typically require extra expansion
+ slots on their system boards to connect shared devices, such as
+ printers and multiple network interfaces.</p>
+ <p>Another feature of systems capable of acting as servers is the
+ processing power. Ordinarily, computers have a single CPU, which
+ executes the instructions that make up a given task or process. In
+ order to work efficiently and deliver fast responses to client
+ requests, a NOS server requires a powerful CPU to execute its tasks
+ or programs. Single processor systems with one CPU can meet the needs
+ of most servers if the CPU has the necessary speed. To achieve higher
+ execution speeds, some systems are equipped with more than one
+ processor. Such systems are called multiprocessor systems.
+ Multiprocessor systems are capable of executing multiple tasks in
+ parallel by assigning each task to a different processor. The
+ aggregate amount of work that the server can perform in a given time
+ is greatly enhanced in multiprocessor systems.
+ <img border="0" src="../../images/3.gif" align="absmiddle" width="12" height="12"></p>
+ <p>Since servers function as central repositories of resources that
+ are vital to the operation of client systems, these servers must be efficient
+ and robust. The term robust indicates that
+ the server systems are able to function effectively under heavy loads.
+ It also means the systems are able to survive the failure of one or
+ more processes or components without experiencing a general system
+ failure. This objective is met by building redundancy into server
+ systems. Redundancy is the inclusion of additional hardware components
+ that can take over if other components fail. Redundancy is a feature
+ of fault tolerant systems that are designed to survive failures and
+ can be repaired without interruption while the systems are up and
+ running. Because a NOS depends on the continuous operation of its
+ server, the extra hardware components justify the additional expense.
+ <img border="0" src="../../images/4.gif" align="absmiddle" width="12" height="12"></p>
+ <p>Server applications and functions include web services using
+ Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP), File Transfer Protocol (FTP), and
+ Domain Name System (DNS). Standard e-mail protocols supported by
+ network servers include Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP), Post
+ Office Protocol 3 (POP3), and Internet Messaging Access Protocol (IMAP).
+ File sharing protocols include Sun Microsystems Network File System (NFS)
+ and Microsoft Server Message Block (SMB).
+ <img border="0" src="../../images/5.gif" align="absmiddle" width="12" height="12"></p>
+ <p>Network servers frequently provide print services. A server
+ may also provide Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP), which
+ automatically allocates IP addresses to client workstations. In addition
+ to running services for the clients on the network, servers can be set
+ to act as a basic firewall for the network. This is accomplished using
+ proxy or Network Address Translation (NAT), both of which hide
+ internal private network addresses from the Internet.
+ <img border="0" src="../../images/6.gif" align="absmiddle" width="12" height="12"></p>
+ <p>One server running a NOS may work well when serving only a handful
+ of clients. But most organizations must deploy several servers in
+ order to achieve acceptable performance. A typical design separates
+ services so one server is responsible for e-mail, another server is
+ responsible for file sharing, and another is responsible for FTP.</p>
+ <p>The concentration of network resources, such as files, printers,
+ and applications on servers, also makes the data generated easier to
+ back up and maintain. Rather than have these resources distributed
+ on individual machines, network resources can be located on
+ specialized, dedicated servers for easy access and back up.</p>
+ <TABLE bgcolor="#B0AFAF" width="95%" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0">
+ <TR>
+ <TD valign="top">
+ <TABLE bgcolor="#669999" width="100%" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" border="0">
+ <TR>
+ <TD width="5">
+ <img border="0" src="../../images/lab_toplft.gif" width="116" height="23"></TD>
+ <TD><IMG alt="" height="1" width="3" src="../../images/s.gif"></TD><TD align="right" valign="top">
+ <IMG alt="" src="../../images/corner_ur_7.gif" width="7" height="7"></TD>
+ </TR>
+ </TABLE>
+
+ <TABLE bgcolor="#B0AFAF" width="100%" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" border="0">
+ <TR>
+ <TD>
+ <TABLE width="100%" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" border="0" bordercolor="#111111">
+ <TR>
+ <TD bgcolor="#ffffff" width="15"> </TD>
+ <TD bgcolor="#ffffff"><font FACE="Arial" SIZE="2" COLOR="#000000">
+ <p><font color="#808080">
+ <a href="javascript:void(0)" onClick="window.open('../zoom6_1_2/zoom6_1_2.html','Interactivity','width=740,height=390,toolbar=0,resizable=yes,scrollbars=0,screenX=26,screenY=38,left=26,top=38');">
+ <img border="0" src="../../images/media_icon.gif" width="25" height="25"></a> <b>
+ <a onClick="window.open('../zoom6_1_2/zoom6_1_2.html','Interactivity','width=740,height=390,toolbar=0,resizable=yes,scrollbars=0,screenX=26,screenY=38,left=26,top=38');" href="javascript:void(0)">
+ Interactive Media Activity</a></b></font></p>
+ </font><font FACE="Arial" SIZE="2" COLOR="#808080">
+ <p>PhotoZoom: Server Components</p>
+ <p>In this
+ PhotoZoom, the student will view components inside a server.</p>
+ </font><font FACE="Arial" SIZE="2" COLOR="#000000">
+ <p><IMG alt="" height="2" width="1" src="../../images/s.gif"></p></TD>
+ </TR>
+ </TABLE>
+ </TD>
+ </TR>
+ </TABLE>
+ </TD>
+ </TR>
+ </TABLE>
+
+
+ <p>
+ </font>
+ </td>
+ </tr>
+ </table>
+
+</body>
+
+</html>
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/Bachelor/CCNA4/en_CCNA4_v30/ch6/6_1_2/index.html b/Bachelor/CCNA4/en_CCNA4_v30/ch6/6_1_2/index.html new file mode 100644 index 0000000..f6628ba --- /dev/null +++ b/Bachelor/CCNA4/en_CCNA4_v30/ch6/6_1_2/index.html @@ -0,0 +1,29 @@ +<html>
+
+<head>
+
+<title>Cisco Global Learning Network</title>
+<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=windows-1252">
+
+</head>
+
+<frameset cols="490,301" framespacing="0" border="0" frameborder="0" marginheight=0 marginwidth=0 topmargin=0 leftmargin=0>
+ <frameset rows="100%,48">
+ <frame name="graphics" scrolling="no" marginwidth="0" marginheight="0" src="media.html">
+ <frame name="bottom" scrolling="no" marginwidth="0" marginheight="0" src="../../navigation.html" target="contents">
+ </frameset>
+ <frameset rows="100%,48">
+ <frame name="content" scrolling="yes" marginwidth="0" marginheight="0" target="_self" src="content.html">
+ <frame name="navigation" scrolling="no" marginwidth="0" marginheight="0" noresize src="buttons.html" target="self">
+ </frameset>
+
+ <noframes>
+ <body>
+
+ <p>This page uses frames, but your browser doesn't support them.</p>
+
+ </body>
+ </noframes>
+</frameset>
+
+</html>
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/Bachelor/CCNA4/en_CCNA4_v30/ch6/6_1_2/media.html b/Bachelor/CCNA4/en_CCNA4_v30/ch6/6_1_2/media.html new file mode 100644 index 0000000..ecf09d7 --- /dev/null +++ b/Bachelor/CCNA4/en_CCNA4_v30/ch6/6_1_2/media.html @@ -0,0 +1,21 @@ +<html>
+
+<head>
+
+
+
+<title>Flash Graphic</title>
+</head>
+
+<body bgcolor="#FFFFFF" topmargin="1" leftmargin="1">
+<OBJECT classid="clsid:D27CDB6E-AE6D-11cf-96B8-444553540000"
+ codebase="http://download.macromedia.com/pub/shockwave/cabs/flash/swflash.cab#version=6,0,0,0"
+ WIDTH="100%" HEIGHT="100%">
+ <PARAM NAME=movie VALUE="../../flash/ch06/6_1_2.swf"> <PARAM NAME=quality VALUE=high> <PARAM NAME=bgcolor VALUE=#FFFFFF>
+ <EMBED src="../../flash/ch06/6_1_2.swf" quality=high bgcolor=#FFFFFF WIDTH="100%" HEIGHT="100%" TYPE="application/x-shockwave-flash" PLUGINSPAGE="http://www.macromedia.com/go/getflashplayer"></EMBED></OBJECT>
+
+
+
+</body>
+
+</html>
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/Bachelor/CCNA4/en_CCNA4_v30/ch6/6_1_3/buttons.html b/Bachelor/CCNA4/en_CCNA4_v30/ch6/6_1_3/buttons.html new file mode 100644 index 0000000..fa906da --- /dev/null +++ b/Bachelor/CCNA4/en_CCNA4_v30/ch6/6_1_3/buttons.html @@ -0,0 +1,107 @@ +<html>
+
+<head>
+
+
+
+<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=windows-1252">
+<meta http-equiv="Content-Language" content="en-us">
+
+
+
+<title>New Page 1</title>
+<script language="JavaScript" src="../../javascript/buttons.js"></script>
+
+
+<script language="JavaScript">
+
+<!--
+
+if (document.images) {
+ image1on = new Image();
+ image1on.src = "../../images/index_ov.gif";
+
+ image2on = new Image();
+ image2on.src = "../../images/glossary_ov.gif";
+
+ image3on = new Image();
+ image3on.src = "../../images/back_ov.gif";
+
+ image4on = new Image();
+ image4on.src = "../../images/next_ov.gif";
+
+ image5on = new Image();
+ image5on.src = "../../images/quiz_ov.gif";
+
+ image1off = new Image();
+ image1off.src = "../../images/index_up.gif";
+
+ image2off = new Image();
+ image2off.src = "../../images/glossary_up.gif";
+
+ image3off = new Image();
+ image3off.src = "../../images/back_up.gif";
+
+ image4off = new Image();
+ image4off.src = "../../images/next_up.gif";
+
+ image5off = new Image();
+ image5off.src = "../../images/quiz_up.gif";
+
+ image1hint = new Image();
+ image1hint.src = "../../images/menu_index.gif";
+
+ image2hint = new Image();
+ image2hint.src = "../../images/menu_glossary.gif";
+
+ image3hint = new Image();
+ image3hint.src = "../../images/menu_back.gif";
+
+ image4hint = new Image();
+ image4hint.src = "../../images/menu_next.gif";
+
+ image5hint = new Image();
+ image5hint.src = "../../images/menu_quiz.gif";
+
+ imageHint = new Image();
+ imageHint.src = "../../images/menu_up.gif";
+}
+
+function changeImages() {
+ if (document.images) {
+ for (var i=0; i<changeImages.arguments.length; i+=2) {
+ document[changeImages.arguments[i]].src = eval(changeImages.arguments[i+1] + ".src");
+ }
+ }
+}
+
+// -->
+</script>
+
+
+<base target="_self">
+
+
+</head>
+
+<body bgcolor="#cccccc" topmargin="0" leftmargin="0" marginheight="0" marginwidth="0">
+
+<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" height="48" width="100%" style="border-collapse: collapse" bordercolor="#111111">
+ <tr>
+ <td bgcolor="#336666" width="100%" height="48" align="right"><font color="#FFFFFF" size="2" face="Arial"><b> </b></font>
+ <img name="hint" border="0" src="../../images/menu_up.gif" width="136" height="19"></td>
+ <td bgcolor="#336666" align="left" height="48"><a onMouseOver="changeImages('image1', 'image1on'); changeImages('hint', 'image1hint');" onMouseOut="changeImages('image1', 'image1off'); changeImages('hint', 'imageHint');" href="javascript:openIndex('ch6');">
+ <img name="image1" border="0" src="../../images/index_up.gif" width="31" height="48"></a></td>
+ <td bgcolor="#336666" align="left" height="48"><a onMouseOver="changeImages('image5', 'image5on'); changeImages('hint', 'image5hint');" onMouseOut="changeImages('image5', 'image5off'); changeImages('hint', 'imageHint');" href="javascript:openQuiz('ch06');">
+ <img name="image5" border="0" src="../../images/quiz_up.gif" width="31" height="48"></a></td>
+ <td bgcolor="#336666" align="left" height="48"><a href="javascript:openGlossary();" onMouseOver="changeImages('image2', 'image2on'); changeImages('hint', 'image2hint');" onMouseOut="changeImages('image2', 'image2off'); changeImages('hint', 'imageHint');">
+ <img name="image2" border="0" src="../../images/glossary_up.gif" width="31" height="48"></a></td>
+ <td bgcolor="#336666" valign="middle" align="left" height="48"><a href="../../ch6/6_1_2/index.html" target="main" onMouseOver="changeImages('image3', 'image3on'); changeImages('hint', 'image3hint');" onMouseOut="changeImages('image3', 'image3off'); changeImages('hint', 'imageHint');">
+ <img name="image3" border="0" src="../../images/back_up.gif" width="30" height="48"></a></td>
+ <td bgcolor="#336666" width="100%" valign="middle" height="48"><a href="../../ch6/6_1_4/index.html" target="main" onMouseOver="changeImages('image4', 'image4on'); changeImages('hint', 'image4hint');" onMouseOut="changeImages('image4', 'image4off'); changeImages('hint', 'imageHint');">
+ <img name="image4" border="0" src="../../images/next_up.gif" width="30" height="48"></a></td>
+ <td height="48"><img border="0" src="../../images/menu_bar.gif" width="15" height="48"></td>
+ </tr>
+</table>
+
+</html>
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/Bachelor/CCNA4/en_CCNA4_v30/ch6/6_1_3/content.html b/Bachelor/CCNA4/en_CCNA4_v30/ch6/6_1_3/content.html new file mode 100644 index 0000000..5640ccc --- /dev/null +++ b/Bachelor/CCNA4/en_CCNA4_v30/ch6/6_1_3/content.html @@ -0,0 +1,140 @@ +<html>
+
+<head>
+<meta http-equiv="Content-Language" content="en-us">
+<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=windows-1252">
+<title>Content</title>
+<base target="_self">
+</head>
+
+<body background="../../images/bg.gif" topmargin="0" leftmargin="0" marginheight="0" marginwidth="0" onLoad="window.focus();" link="#808080" vlink="#808080" alink="#808080">
+
+<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="100%">
+ <tr>
+ <td bgcolor="#336666" width="18" valign="top">
+ <img border="0" src="../../images/content_lines.gif" width="16" height="25">
+ <img border="0" src="../../images/transdot.gif" width="2" height="1"></td>
+ <td bgcolor="#336666"><b><font face="Arial" size="2" color="#FFFFFF">6.1</b></font></td>
+ <td bgcolor="#336666"><img border="0" src="../../images/transdot.gif" width="10" height="1"></td>
+ <td bgcolor="#336666" width="100%"><b><font face="Arial" size="2" color="#FFFFFF">
+ <strong>Workstations and Servers</strong> </font></b></td>
+ <td width="9" bgcolor="#336666"> </td>
+ </tr>
+ <tr>
+ <td bgcolor="#669999" height="25" width="18"> </td>
+ <td bgcolor="#669999" height="25"><b>
+ <font face="Arial" size="2" color="#FFFFFF">6.1.3</font></b></td>
+ <td bgcolor="#669999"><img border="0" src="../../images/transdot.gif" width="10" height="1"></td>
+ <td bgcolor="#669999" height="25" width="100%"><strong>
+ <font face="Arial" size="2" color="#FFFFFF">Client-server relationship</font></strong></td>
+ <td bgcolor="#669999" height="25" width="9"> </td>
+ </tr></table>
+
+<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="95%" bordercolor="#111111">
+ <tr>
+ <td width="15"></td>
+ <td>
+
+ <font face="Arial" size="2">The client-server computing model
+ distributes processing over multiple computers. Distributed processing
+ enables access to remote systems for the purpose of sharing
+ information and network resources. In a client-server environment, the
+ client and server share or distribute processing responsibilities.
+ Most network operating systems are designed around the client-server
+ model to provide network services to users. A computer on a network
+ can be referred to as a host, workstation, client, or server. A
+ computer running TCP/IP, whether it is a workstation or a server, is
+ considered a host computer.
+ <img border="0" src="../../images/1.gif" align="absmiddle" width="12" height="12"></font><p>
+
+ <font face="Arial" size="2">Definitions of other commonly used terms
+ are:</font></p>
+ <ul>
+ <li>
+
+ <font face="Arial" size="2"><b>Local host</b> – The machine on which
+ the user currently is working.</font></li>
+ <li>
+
+ <font face="Arial" size="2"><b>Remote host</b> – A system that is
+ being accessed by a user from another system.</font></li>
+ <li>
+
+ <font face="Arial" size="2"><b>Server</b> – Provides resources to one
+ or more clients by means of a network.</font></li>
+ <li>
+
+ <font face="Arial" size="2"><b>Client</b> – A machine that uses the
+ services from one or more servers on a network.</font></li>
+ </ul>
+ <p>
+
+ <font face="Arial" size="2">An example of a client-server relationship
+ is a File Transfer Protocol (FTP) session. FTP is a universal method of
+ transferring a file from one computer to another. For the client
+ to transfer a file to or from the server, the server must be running
+ the FTP daemon or service. In this case, the client
+ requests the file to be transferred. The server provides the services
+ necessary to receive or send the file. </font></p>
+ <p>
+
+ <font face="Arial" size="2">The Internet is also a good example of a
+ distributed processing client-server computing relationship. The
+ client or front end typically handles user presentation functions,
+ such as screen formatting, input forms, and data editing. This is done
+ with a browser, such as Netscape or Internet Explorer. Web browsers send
+ requests to web servers. When the browser requests data from the
+ server, the server responds, and the browser program receives a reply
+ from the web server. The browser then displays the HTTP data that was
+ received. The server or back end handles the client's requests for Web
+ pages and provides HTTP or WWW services.</font></p>
+ <p>
+
+ <font face="Arial" size="2">Another example of a client-server
+ relationship is a database server and a data entry or query client in
+ a LAN. The client or front end might be running an application written
+ in the C or Java language, and the server or back end could be running
+ Oracle or other database management software. In this case, the client
+
+ would handle formatting and presentation tasks for the user. The
+ server would provide database storage and data retrieval services for
+ the user.</font></p>
+ <p>
+
+ <font face="Arial" size="2">In a typical file server environment, the
+ client might have to retrieve large portions of the database files to
+ process the files locally. This retrieval of the database files can
+ cause excess network traffic. With the client-server model, the client
+ presents a request to the server, and the server database engine might
+ process 100,000 records and pass only a few back to the client to
+ satisfy the request. Servers are typically much more powerful than
+ client computers and are better suited to processing large amounts of
+ data. With client-server computing, the large database is stored, and
+ the processing takes place on the server. The client has to deal only
+ with creating the query. A relatively small amount of data or results
+ might be passed across the network. This satisfies the client query
+ and results in less usage of network bandwidth. The graphic shows an
+ example of client-server computing. Note that the workstation and
+ server normally would be connected to the LAN by a hub or switch.
+ <img border="0" src="../../images/2.gif" align="absmiddle" width="12" height="12"></font></p>
+ <p>
+
+ <font face="Arial" size="2">The distribution of functions in
+ client-server networks brings substantial advantages, but also incurs
+ some costs. Although the aggregation of resources on server systems
+ brings greater security, simpler access, and coordinated control, the
+ server introduces a single point of failure into the network. Without
+ an operational server, the network cannot function at all.
+ Additionally, servers require trained, expert staff to administer and
+ maintain them, which increases the expense of running the network.
+ Server systems require additional hardware and specialized software
+ that adds substantially to the cost. </font>
+ </p>
+ <p><font face="Arial" size="2"> </font>
+ </td>
+ </tr>
+ </table>
+
+</body>
+
+</html>
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+ <tr>
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+ </tr>
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+
+<head>
+<meta http-equiv="Content-Language" content="en-us">
+<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=windows-1252">
+<title>Content</title>
+<base target="_self">
+</head>
+
+<body background="../../images/bg.gif" topmargin="0" leftmargin="0" marginheight="0" marginwidth="0" onLoad="window.focus();" link="#808080" vlink="#808080" alink="#808080">
+
+<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="100%">
+ <tr>
+ <td bgcolor="#336666" width="18" valign="top">
+ <img border="0" src="../../images/content_lines.gif" width="16" height="25">
+ <img border="0" src="../../images/transdot.gif" width="2" height="1"></td>
+ <td bgcolor="#336666"><b><font face="Arial" size="2" color="#FFFFFF">6.1</b></font></td>
+ <td bgcolor="#336666"><img border="0" src="../../images/transdot.gif" width="10" height="1"></td>
+ <td bgcolor="#336666" width="100%"><b><font face="Arial" size="2" color="#FFFFFF">
+ <b>Workstations and Servers</b></font></b></td>
+ <td width="9" bgcolor="#336666"> </td>
+ </tr>
+ <tr>
+ <td bgcolor="#669999" height="25" width="18"> </td>
+ <td bgcolor="#669999" height="25"><b>
+ <font face="Arial" size="2" color="#FFFFFF">6.1.4</font></b></td>
+ <td bgcolor="#669999"><img border="0" src="../../images/transdot.gif" width="10" height="1"></td>
+ <td bgcolor="#669999" height="25" width="100%"><strong>
+ <font face="Arial" size="2" color="#FFFFFF">Introduction to NOS</font></strong></td>
+ <td bgcolor="#669999" height="25" width="9"> </td>
+ </tr></table>
+
+<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="95%" bordercolor="#111111">
+ <tr>
+ <td width="15"></td>
+ <td>
+
+ <font size="2" face="Arial">A computer operating system (OS) is the
+ software foundation on which computer applications and services run on
+ a workstation. Similarly, a network operating system (NOS) enables
+ communication between multiple devices and the sharing of resources
+ across a network. A NOS operates on UNIX, Microsoft Windows NT, or
+ Windows 2000 network servers.
+ <img border="0" src="../../images/1.gif" align="absmiddle" width="12" height="12"></font><p>
+
+ <font face="Arial" size="2">Common functions of an OS on a workstation
+ include controlling the computer hardware, executing programs and
+ providing a user interface. The OS performs these functions for a
+ single user. Multiple users can share the machine but they cannot log
+ on at the same time. In contrast, a NOS distributes functions over a
+ number of networked computers. A NOS depends on the services of the
+ native OS in each individual computer. The NOS then adds functions
+ that allow access to shared resources by a number of users
+ concurrently. </font></p>
+ <p>
+
+ <font size="2" face="Arial">Workstations function as clients in a NOS
+ environment. When a workstation becomes a client in a NOS environment,
+ additional specialized software enables the local user to access
+ non-local or remote resources, as if these resources were a part of
+ the local system. The NOS enhances the reach of the client workstation
+ by making remote services available as extensions of the local
+ operating system. </font></p>
+ <p>
+
+ <font face="Arial" size="2">A system capable of operating as a NOS
+ server must be able to support multiple users concurrently. The
+ network administrator creates an account for each user, allowing the
+ user to logon and connect to the server system. The user account on
+ the server enables the server to authenticate that user and allocate
+ the resources that the user is allowed to access. Systems that provide
+ this capability are called multi-user systems.</font></p>
+ <p>
+
+ <font face="Arial" size="2">A NOS server is a multitasking system,
+ capable of executing multiple tasks or processes at the same time. The
+ NOS scheduling software allocates internal processor time, memory, and
+ other elements of the system to different tasks in a way that allows
+ them to share the system resources. Each user on the multi-user system
+ is supported by a separate task or process internally on the server.
+ These internal tasks are created dynamically as users connect to the
+ system and are deleted when users disconnect.</font></p>
+ <p>
+
+ <font face="Arial" size="2">The main features to consider when
+ selecting a NOS are performance, management and monitoring tools,
+ security, scalability, and robustness or fault tolerance. The
+ following section briefly defines each of these features.
+ <img border="0" src="../../images/2.gif" align="absmiddle" width="12" height="12"></font></p>
+ <p>
+
+ <font size="2" face="Arial"><b>Performance</b><br>
+ A NOS must perform well at reading and writing files across the
+ network between clients and servers. It must be able to maintain fast
+ performance under heavy loads, when many clients
+ are making requests. Consistent performance under heavy demand is an
+ important standard for a NOS.</font></p>
+ <p>
+
+ <font size="2" face="Arial"><b>Management and monitoring</b><br>
+ The management interface on the NOS server provides the tools for
+ server monitoring, client administration, file, print, and disk
+ storage management. The management interface provides tools for the
+ installation of new services and the configuration of those services.
+ Additionally, servers require regular monitoring and adjustment.</font></p>
+ <p>
+
+ <font size="2" face="Arial"><b>Security</b><br>
+ A NOS must protect the shared resources under its control. Security
+ includes authenticating user access to services to prevent
+ unauthorized access to the network resources. Security also performs
+ encryption to protect information as it travels between
+ clients and servers.</font></p>
+ <p>
+
+ <font size="2" face="Arial"><b>Scalability</b><br>
+ Scalability is the ability of a NOS to grow without degradation in
+ performance. The NOS must be capable of sustaining performance as new
+ users join the network and new servers are added to support them.</font></p>
+ <p>
+
+ <font size="2" face="Arial"><b>Robustness/fault tolerance</b><br>
+ A measure of robustness is the ability to deliver services
+ consistently under heavy load and to sustain its services if
+ components or processes fail. Using redundant disk devices and
+ balancing the workload across multiple servers can improve NOS
+ robustness.</font></p>
+ <p><font face="Arial" size="2"> </font>
+ </td>
+ </tr>
+ </table>
+
+</body>
+
+</html>
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+ image2hint.src = "../../images/menu_glossary.gif";
+
+ image3hint = new Image();
+ image3hint.src = "../../images/menu_back.gif";
+
+ image4hint = new Image();
+ image4hint.src = "../../images/menu_next.gif";
+
+ image5hint = new Image();
+ image5hint.src = "../../images/menu_quiz.gif";
+
+ imageHint = new Image();
+ imageHint.src = "../../images/menu_up.gif";
+}
+
+function changeImages() {
+ if (document.images) {
+ for (var i=0; i<changeImages.arguments.length; i+=2) {
+ document[changeImages.arguments[i]].src = eval(changeImages.arguments[i+1] + ".src");
+ }
+ }
+}
+
+// -->
+</script>
+
+
+<base target="_self">
+
+
+</head>
+
+<body bgcolor="#cccccc" topmargin="0" leftmargin="0" marginheight="0" marginwidth="0">
+
+<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" height="48" width="100%" style="border-collapse: collapse" bordercolor="#111111">
+ <tr>
+ <td bgcolor="#336666" width="100%" height="48" align="right"><font color="#FFFFFF" size="2" face="Arial"><b> </b></font>
+ <img name="hint" border="0" src="../../images/menu_up.gif" width="136" height="19"></td>
+ <td bgcolor="#336666" align="left" height="48"><a onMouseOver="changeImages('image1', 'image1on'); changeImages('hint', 'image1hint');" onMouseOut="changeImages('image1', 'image1off'); changeImages('hint', 'imageHint');" href="javascript:openIndex('ch6');">
+ <img name="image1" border="0" src="../../images/index_up.gif" width="31" height="48"></a></td>
+ <td bgcolor="#336666" align="left" height="48"><a onMouseOver="changeImages('image5', 'image5on'); changeImages('hint', 'image5hint');" onMouseOut="changeImages('image5', 'image5off'); changeImages('hint', 'imageHint');" href="javascript:openQuiz('ch06');">
+ <img name="image5" border="0" src="../../images/quiz_up.gif" width="31" height="48"></a></td>
+ <td bgcolor="#336666" align="left" height="48"><a href="javascript:openGlossary();" onMouseOver="changeImages('image2', 'image2on'); changeImages('hint', 'image2hint');" onMouseOut="changeImages('image2', 'image2off'); changeImages('hint', 'imageHint');">
+ <img name="image2" border="0" src="../../images/glossary_up.gif" width="31" height="48"></a></td>
+ <td bgcolor="#336666" valign="middle" align="left" height="48"><a href="../../ch6/6_1_4/index.html" target="main" onMouseOver="changeImages('image3', 'image3on'); changeImages('hint', 'image3hint');" onMouseOut="changeImages('image3', 'image3off'); changeImages('hint', 'imageHint');">
+ <img name="image3" border="0" src="../../images/back_up.gif" width="30" height="48"></a></td>
+ <td bgcolor="#336666" width="100%" valign="middle" height="48">
+ <a target="main" onMouseOver="changeImages('image4', 'image4on'); changeImages('hint', 'image4hint');" onMouseOut="changeImages('image4', 'image4off'); changeImages('hint', 'imageHint');" href="../6_1_6/index.html">
+ <img name="image4" border="0" src="../../images/next_up.gif" width="30" height="48"></a></td>
+ <td height="48"><img border="0" src="../../images/menu_bar.gif" width="15" height="48"></td>
+ </tr>
+</table>
+
+</html>
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/Bachelor/CCNA4/en_CCNA4_v30/ch6/6_1_5/content.html b/Bachelor/CCNA4/en_CCNA4_v30/ch6/6_1_5/content.html new file mode 100644 index 0000000..00c61a8 --- /dev/null +++ b/Bachelor/CCNA4/en_CCNA4_v30/ch6/6_1_5/content.html @@ -0,0 +1,120 @@ +<html>
+
+<head>
+<meta http-equiv="Content-Language" content="en-us">
+<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=windows-1252">
+<title>Content</title>
+<base target="_self">
+</head>
+
+<body background="../../images/bg.gif" topmargin="0" leftmargin="0" marginheight="0" marginwidth="0" onLoad="window.focus();" link="#808080" vlink="#808080" alink="#808080">
+
+<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="100%">
+ <tr>
+ <td bgcolor="#336666" width="18" valign="top">
+ <img border="0" src="../../images/content_lines.gif" width="16" height="25">
+ <img border="0" src="../../images/transdot.gif" width="2" height="1"></td>
+ <td bgcolor="#336666"><b><font face="Arial" size="2" color="#FFFFFF">6.1</b></font></td>
+ <td bgcolor="#336666"><img border="0" src="../../images/transdot.gif" width="10" height="1"></td>
+ <td bgcolor="#336666" width="100%"><b><font face="Arial" size="2" color="#FFFFFF">Workstations and Servers</font></b></td>
+ <td width="9" bgcolor="#336666"> </td>
+ </tr>
+ <tr>
+ <td bgcolor="#669999" height="25" width="18"> </td>
+ <td bgcolor="#669999" height="25"><b>
+ <font face="Arial" size="2" color="#FFFFFF">6.1.5</font></b></td>
+ <td bgcolor="#669999"><img border="0" src="../../images/transdot.gif" width="10" height="1"></td>
+ <td bgcolor="#669999" height="25" width="100%"><strong>
+ <font face="Arial" size="2" color="#FFFFFF">Microsoft NT, 2000, and .NET</font></strong></td>
+ <td bgcolor="#669999" height="25" width="9"> </td>
+ </tr></table>
+
+<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="95%" bordercolor="#111111">
+ <tr>
+ <td width="15"></td>
+ <td>
+
+ <p><font face="Arial" size="2">Since the release of Windows 1.0 in
+ November 1985, Microsoft has produced many versions of Windows
+ operating systems with improvements and changes to support a variety
+ of users and purposes. Figure
+ <img border="0" src="../../images/1.gif" align="absmiddle" width="12" height="12"> summarizes
+ the current Windows OS.</font></p>
+
+ <p><font face="Arial" size="2">NT 4 was designed to provide an
+ environment for mission critical business that would be more stable
+ than the Microsoft consumer operating systems. It is available for
+ both desktop (NT 4.0 Workstation) and server (NT 4.0 Server). An
+ advantage of NT over previous Microsoft OSs is that DOS and older
+ Windows programs can be executed in virtual machines (VMs). Program
+ failures are isolated and do not require a system restart. </font></p>
+
+ <p><font face="Arial" size="2">Windows NT provides a domain structure
+ to control user and client access to server resources. It is
+ administered through the User Manager for Domains application on the
+ domain controller. Each NT domain requires a single primary domain
+ controller which holds the Security Accounts Management Database (SAM)
+ and may have one or more backup domain controllers, each of which
+ contains a read-only copy of the SAM. When a user attempts to logon,
+ the account information is sent to the SAM database. If the
+ information for that account is stored in the database, the user will
+ be authenticated to the domain and have access to the workstation and
+ network resources.</font></p>
+
+ <p><font face="Arial" size="2">Based on the NT kernel, the more recent
+ Windows 2000 has both desktop and server versions. Windows 2000
+ supports “plug-and-play” technology, permitting installation of new
+ devices without the need to restart the system. Windows 2000 also
+ includes a file encryption system for securing data on the hard disk.</font></p>
+
+ <p><font face="Arial" size="2">Windows 2000
+ enables objects, such as users and resources, to be placed into
+ container objects called organizational units (OUs). Administrative
+ authority over each OU can be delegated to a user or group. This
+ feature allows more specific control than is possible with Windows NT
+ 4.0.</font></p>
+
+ <p><font face="Arial" size="2">Windows 2000 Professional is not
+ designed to be a full NOS. It does not provide a domain controller,
+ DNS server, DHCP server, or render any of the services that can be
+ deployed with Windows 2000 Server. The primary purpose of Windows 2000
+ Professional is to be part of a domain as a client-side operating
+ system. The type of hardware that can be installed on the system is
+ limited. Windows 2000 Professional can provide limited server capabilities for
+ small networks and peer-to-peer networks. It can be a file server, a
+ print server, an FTP server, and a web server, but will only support
+ up to ten simultaneous connections.</font></p>
+
+ <p><font face="Arial" size="2">Windows 2000 Server adds to the
+ features of Windows 2000 Professional many new server-specific
+ functions. It can also operate as a file, print, web and application
+ server. The Active Directory Services feature of Windows 2000 Server
+ serves as the centralized point of management of users, groups,
+ security services, and network resources. It includes the multipurpose
+ capabilities required for workgroups and branch offices as well as for
+ departmental deployments of file and print servers, application
+ servers, web servers, and communication servers.</font></p>
+
+ <p><font face="Arial" size="2">Windows 2000 Server is intended for use
+ in small-to-medium sized enterprise environments. It provides
+ integrated connectivity with Novell NetWare, UNIX, and AppleTalk
+ systems. It can also be configured as a communications server to
+ provide dialup networking services for mobile users. Windows 2000
+ Advanced Server provides the additional hardware and software support
+ needed for enterprise and extremely large networks.</font></p>
+
+ <p><font face="Arial" size="2">Windows .NET Server is built on the
+ Windows 2000 Server kernel, but tailored to provide a secure and
+ reliable system to run enterprise-level web and FTP sites in order to
+ compete with the Linux and UNIX server operating systems. The Windows
+ .NET Server provides XML Web Services to companies which run medium to
+ high volume web traffic.</font></p>
+
+ <p><font face="Arial" size="2"> </font></p>
+ </td>
+ </tr>
+ </table>
+
+</body>
+
+</html>
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/Bachelor/CCNA4/en_CCNA4_v30/ch6/6_1_5/index.html b/Bachelor/CCNA4/en_CCNA4_v30/ch6/6_1_5/index.html new file mode 100644 index 0000000..f6628ba --- /dev/null +++ b/Bachelor/CCNA4/en_CCNA4_v30/ch6/6_1_5/index.html @@ -0,0 +1,29 @@ +<html>
+
+<head>
+
+<title>Cisco Global Learning Network</title>
+<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=windows-1252">
+
+</head>
+
+<frameset cols="490,301" framespacing="0" border="0" frameborder="0" marginheight=0 marginwidth=0 topmargin=0 leftmargin=0>
+ <frameset rows="100%,48">
+ <frame name="graphics" scrolling="no" marginwidth="0" marginheight="0" src="media.html">
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+ <frameset rows="100%,48">
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+ <frame name="navigation" scrolling="no" marginwidth="0" marginheight="0" noresize src="buttons.html" target="self">
+ </frameset>
+
+ <noframes>
+ <body>
+
+ <p>This page uses frames, but your browser doesn't support them.</p>
+
+ </body>
+ </noframes>
+</frameset>
+
+</html>
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+
+<head>
+
+
+
+<title>Flash Graphic</title>
+</head>
+
+<body bgcolor="#FFFFFF" topmargin="1" leftmargin="1">
+<OBJECT classid="clsid:D27CDB6E-AE6D-11cf-96B8-444553540000"
+ codebase="http://download.macromedia.com/pub/shockwave/cabs/flash/swflash.cab#version=6,0,0,0"
+ WIDTH="100%" HEIGHT="100%">
+ <PARAM NAME=movie VALUE="../../flash/ch06/6_1_5.swf"> <PARAM NAME=quality VALUE=high> <PARAM NAME=bgcolor VALUE=#FFFFFF>
+ <EMBED src="../../flash/ch06/6_1_5.swf" quality=high bgcolor=#FFFFFF WIDTH="100%" HEIGHT="100%" TYPE="application/x-shockwave-flash" PLUGINSPAGE="http://www.macromedia.com/go/getflashplayer"></EMBED></OBJECT>
+
+
+
+</body>
+
+</html>
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/Bachelor/CCNA4/en_CCNA4_v30/ch6/6_1_6/buttons.html b/Bachelor/CCNA4/en_CCNA4_v30/ch6/6_1_6/buttons.html new file mode 100644 index 0000000..86ccd6f --- /dev/null +++ b/Bachelor/CCNA4/en_CCNA4_v30/ch6/6_1_6/buttons.html @@ -0,0 +1,109 @@ +<html>
+
+<head>
+
+
+
+<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=windows-1252">
+<meta http-equiv="Content-Language" content="en-us">
+
+
+
+<title>New Page 1</title>
+<script language="JavaScript" src="../../javascript/buttons.js"></script>
+
+
+<script language="JavaScript">
+
+<!--
+
+if (document.images) {
+ image1on = new Image();
+ image1on.src = "../../images/index_ov.gif";
+
+ image2on = new Image();
+ image2on.src = "../../images/glossary_ov.gif";
+
+ image3on = new Image();
+ image3on.src = "../../images/back_ov.gif";
+
+ image4on = new Image();
+ image4on.src = "../../images/next_ov.gif";
+
+ image5on = new Image();
+ image5on.src = "../../images/quiz_ov.gif";
+
+ image1off = new Image();
+ image1off.src = "../../images/index_up.gif";
+
+ image2off = new Image();
+ image2off.src = "../../images/glossary_up.gif";
+
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+ image3off.src = "../../images/back_up.gif";
+
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+ image4off.src = "../../images/next_up.gif";
+
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+ image5off.src = "../../images/quiz_up.gif";
+
+ image1hint = new Image();
+ image1hint.src = "../../images/menu_index.gif";
+
+ image2hint = new Image();
+ image2hint.src = "../../images/menu_glossary.gif";
+
+ image3hint = new Image();
+ image3hint.src = "../../images/menu_back.gif";
+
+ image4hint = new Image();
+ image4hint.src = "../../images/menu_next.gif";
+
+ image5hint = new Image();
+ image5hint.src = "../../images/menu_quiz.gif";
+
+ imageHint = new Image();
+ imageHint.src = "../../images/menu_up.gif";
+}
+
+function changeImages() {
+ if (document.images) {
+ for (var i=0; i<changeImages.arguments.length; i+=2) {
+ document[changeImages.arguments[i]].src = eval(changeImages.arguments[i+1] + ".src");
+ }
+ }
+}
+
+// -->
+</script>
+
+
+<base target="_self">
+
+
+</head>
+
+<body bgcolor="#cccccc" topmargin="0" leftmargin="0" marginheight="0" marginwidth="0">
+
+<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" height="48" width="100%" style="border-collapse: collapse" bordercolor="#111111">
+ <tr>
+ <td bgcolor="#336666" width="100%" height="48" align="right"><font color="#FFFFFF" size="2" face="Arial"><b> </b></font>
+ <img name="hint" border="0" src="../../images/menu_up.gif" width="136" height="19"></td>
+ <td bgcolor="#336666" align="left" height="48"><a onMouseOver="changeImages('image1', 'image1on'); changeImages('hint', 'image1hint');" onMouseOut="changeImages('image1', 'image1off'); changeImages('hint', 'imageHint');" href="javascript:openIndex('ch6');">
+ <img name="image1" border="0" src="../../images/index_up.gif" width="31" height="48"></a></td>
+ <td bgcolor="#336666" align="left" height="48"><a onMouseOver="changeImages('image5', 'image5on'); changeImages('hint', 'image5hint');" onMouseOut="changeImages('image5', 'image5off'); changeImages('hint', 'imageHint');" href="javascript:openQuiz('ch06');">
+ <img name="image5" border="0" src="../../images/quiz_up.gif" width="31" height="48"></a></td>
+ <td bgcolor="#336666" align="left" height="48"><a href="javascript:openGlossary();" onMouseOver="changeImages('image2', 'image2on'); changeImages('hint', 'image2hint');" onMouseOut="changeImages('image2', 'image2off'); changeImages('hint', 'imageHint');">
+ <img name="image2" border="0" src="../../images/glossary_up.gif" width="31" height="48"></a></td>
+ <td bgcolor="#336666" valign="middle" align="left" height="48">
+ <a target="main" onMouseOver="changeImages('image3', 'image3on'); changeImages('hint', 'image3hint');" onMouseOut="changeImages('image3', 'image3off'); changeImages('hint', 'imageHint');" href="../6_1_5/index.html">
+ <img name="image3" border="0" src="../../images/back_up.gif" width="30" height="48"></a></td>
+ <td bgcolor="#336666" width="100%" valign="middle" height="48">
+ <a target="main" onMouseOver="changeImages('image4', 'image4on'); changeImages('hint', 'image4hint');" onMouseOut="changeImages('image4', 'image4off'); changeImages('hint', 'imageHint');" href="../6_1_7/index.html">
+ <img name="image4" border="0" src="../../images/next_up.gif" width="30" height="48"></a></td>
+ <td height="48"><img border="0" src="../../images/menu_bar.gif" width="15" height="48"></td>
+ </tr>
+</table>
+
+</html>
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/Bachelor/CCNA4/en_CCNA4_v30/ch6/6_1_6/content.html b/Bachelor/CCNA4/en_CCNA4_v30/ch6/6_1_6/content.html new file mode 100644 index 0000000..52f8614 --- /dev/null +++ b/Bachelor/CCNA4/en_CCNA4_v30/ch6/6_1_6/content.html @@ -0,0 +1,173 @@ +<html>
+
+<head>
+<meta http-equiv="Content-Language" content="en-us">
+<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=windows-1252">
+<title>Content</title>
+<base target="_self">
+</head>
+
+<body background="../../images/bg.gif" topmargin="0" leftmargin="0" marginheight="0" marginwidth="0" onLoad="window.focus();" link="#808080" vlink="#808080" alink="#808080">
+
+<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="100%">
+ <tr>
+ <td bgcolor="#336666" width="18" valign="top">
+ <img border="0" src="../../images/content_lines.gif" width="16" height="25">
+ <img border="0" src="../../images/transdot.gif" width="2" height="1"></td>
+ <td bgcolor="#336666"><b><font face="Arial" size="2" color="#FFFFFF">6.1</b></font></td>
+ <td bgcolor="#336666"><img border="0" src="../../images/transdot.gif" width="10" height="1"></td>
+ <td bgcolor="#336666" width="100%"><b><font face="Arial" size="2" color="#FFFFFF">
+ Workstations and Servers</font></b></td>
+ <td width="9" bgcolor="#336666"> </td>
+ </tr>
+ <tr>
+ <td bgcolor="#669999" height="25" width="18"> </td>
+ <td bgcolor="#669999" height="25"><b>
+ <font face="Arial" size="2" color="#FFFFFF">6.1.6</font></b></td>
+ <td bgcolor="#669999"><img border="0" src="../../images/transdot.gif" width="10" height="1"></td>
+ <td bgcolor="#669999" height="25" width="100%"><strong>
+ <font face="Arial" size="2" color="#FFFFFF">UNIX, Sun, HP, and LINUX</font></strong></td>
+ <td bgcolor="#669999" height="25" width="9"> </td>
+ </tr></table>
+
+<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="95%" bordercolor="#111111">
+ <tr>
+ <td width="15"></td>
+ <td>
+
+ <p><font face="Arial" size="2"><b>Origins of UNIX</b><br>
+ UNIX is the name of a group of operating systems that trace their
+ origins back to 1969 at Bell Labs. Since its inception, UNIX was
+ designed to support multiple users and multitasking. UNIX was also one
+ of the first operating systems to include support for Internet
+ networking protocols. The history of UNIX, which now spans over 30
+ years, is complicated because many companies and organizations have
+ contributed to its development.
+ <img border="0" src="../../images/1.gif" align="absmiddle" width="12" height="12"></font></p>
+
+ <p><font face="Arial" size="2">UNIX was first written in assembly language, a primitive set of
+ instructions that control the internal instructions of a computer.
+ However, UNIX could only run on a specific type of computer. In 1971, Dennis
+ Ritchie created the C language. In 1973, Ritchie along with fellow
+ Bell Labs programmer Ken Thompson rewrote the UNIX system programs in
+ C language. Because C is a higher-level language, UNIX could be moved
+ or ported to another computer with far less programming effort. The
+ decision to develop this portable operating system proved to be the
+ key to the success of UNIX. During the 1970s, UNIX evolved through the
+ development work of programmers at Bell Labs and several universities,
+ notably the University of California, at Berkeley.
+ <img border="0" src="../../images/2.gif" align="absmiddle" width="12" height="12"> - </font>
+ <img border="0" src="../../images/3.gif" align="middle" width="12" height="12"></p>
+
+ <p><font face="Arial" size="2">When UNIX first started to be marketed commercially in the 1980s, it
+ was used to run powerful network servers, not desktop computers.
+ Today, there are dozens of different versions of UNIX, including the
+ following: </font></p>
+ <ul>
+ <li><font face="Arial" size="2">Hewlett Packard UNIX (HP-UX) </font>
+ </li>
+ <li><font face="Arial" size="2">Berkeley Software Design, Inc. (BSD
+ UNIX), which has produced derivatives such as FreeBSD</font></li>
+ <li><font face="Arial" size="2">Santa Cruz Operation (SCO) UNIX </font>
+ </li>
+ <li><font face="Arial" size="2">Sun Solaris </font></li>
+ <li><font face="Arial" size="2">IBM UNIX (AIX)</font></li>
+ </ul>
+
+ <p><font face="Arial" size="2">UNIX, in its various forms, continues
+ to advance its position as the reliable, secure OS of choice for
+ mission-critical applications that are crucial to the operation of a
+ business or other organization. UNIX is also tightly integrated with
+ TCP/IP. TCP/IP basically grew out of UNIX because of the need for LAN
+ and WAN communications.</font></p>
+
+ <p><font face="Arial" size="2">The Sun Microsystems Solaris Operating Environment and its core OS,
+ SunOS, is a high-performance, versatile, 64-bit implementation of
+ UNIX. Solaris runs on a wide variety of computers, from Intel-based
+ personal computers to powerful mainframes and supercomputers. Solaris
+ is currently the most widely used version of UNIX in the world for
+ large networks and Internet websites. Sun is also the developer of the
+ "Write Once, Run Anywhere" Java technology.</font></p>
+
+ <p><font face="Arial" size="2">Despite the popularity of Microsoft Windows on corporate LANs, much of
+ the Internet runs on powerful UNIX systems. Although UNIX is usually
+ associated with expensive hardware and is no user friendly,
+ recent developments, including the creation of Linux, have changed
+ that image. </font></p>
+
+ <p><font face="Arial" size="2"><b>Origins of Linux</b><br>
+ In 1991, a Finnish student named Linus Torvalds began work on an
+ operating system for an Intel 80386-based computer. Torvalds became
+ frustrated with the state of desktop operating systems, such as DOS,
+ and the expense and licensing issues associated with commercial UNIX. Torvalds set out to develop an operating system that was UNIX-like in
+ its operation but used software code that was open and completely free
+ of charge to all users.</font></p>
+
+ <p><font face="Arial" size="2">Torvald's work led to a world-wide
+ collaborative effort to develop Linux, an open source operating system
+ that looks and feels like UNIX. By the late 1990s, Linux had become a
+ viable alternative to UNIX on servers and Windows on the desktop. The
+ popularity of Linux on desktop PCs has also contributed to interest in
+ using UNIX distributions, such as FreeBSD and Sun Solaris on the
+ desktop. Versions of Linux can now run on almost any 32-bit processor,
+ including the Intel 80386, Motorola 68000, Alpha, and PowerPC chips.</font></p>
+
+ <p><font face="Arial" size="2">As with UNIX, there are numerous versions of Linux. Some are free
+ downloads from the web, and others are commercially distributed. The
+ following are a few of the most popular versions of Linux:</font></p>
+ <ul>
+ <li><font face="Arial" size="2">Red Hat Linux – distributed by Red
+ Hat Software </font></li>
+ <li><font face="Arial" size="2">OpenLinux – distributed by Caldera </font>
+ </li>
+ <li><font face="Arial" size="2">Corel Linux </font></li>
+ <li><font face="Arial" size="2">Slackware </font></li>
+ <li><font face="Arial" size="2">Debian GNU/Linux </font></li>
+ <li><font face="Arial" size="2">SuSE Linux </font></li>
+ </ul>
+
+ <p><font face="Arial" size="2">Linux is one of the most powerful and reliable operating systems in
+ the world today. Because of this, Linux has already made inroads as a
+ platform for power users and in the enterprise server arena. Linux is
+ less often deployed as a corporate desktop operating system. Although
+ graphical user interfaces (GUIs) are available to make Linux
+ user-friendly, most beginning users find Linux more difficult to use
+ than Mac OS or Windows. Currently, many companies, such as Red Hat,
+ SuSE, Corel, and Caldera, are striving to make Linux a viable
+ operating system for the desktop.
+ <img border="0" src="../../images/4.gif" align="absmiddle" width="12" height="12"> -
+ <img border="0" src="../../images/7.gif" align="absmiddle" width="12" height="12"></font></p>
+
+ <p><font face="Arial" size="2">Application support must be considered
+ when Linux is implemented on a desktop system. The number of business
+ productivity applications is limited when compared to Windows.
+ However, some vendors provide Windows emulation software, such as WABI
+ and WINE, which enables many Windows applications to run on Linux. Additionally, companies such as
+ Corel are making Linux versions of their office suites and other
+ popular software packages.</font></p>
+
+ <p><font face="Arial" size="2"><b>Networking with Linux</b><br>
+ Recent distributions of Linux have networking components built in for
+ connecting to a LAN, establishing a dialup connection to the Internet,
+ or other remote network. In fact, TCP/IP is integrated into the Linux
+ kernel instead of being implemented as a separate subsystem.</font></p>
+
+ <p><font face="Arial" size="2">Some advantages of Linux as a desktop operating system and network
+ client include the following:</font></p>
+ <ul>
+ <li><font face="Arial" size="2">It is a true 32-bit operating
+ system. </font></li>
+ <li><font face="Arial" size="2">It supports preemptive multitasking and virtual memory. </font>
+ </li>
+ <li><font face="Arial" size="2">The code is open source and thus
+ available for anyone to enhance and improve. </font></li>
+ </ul>
+
+ <p><font face="Arial" size="2"> </font></p>
+ </td>
+ </tr>
+ </table>
+
+</body>
+
+</html>
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/Bachelor/CCNA4/en_CCNA4_v30/ch6/6_1_6/index.html b/Bachelor/CCNA4/en_CCNA4_v30/ch6/6_1_6/index.html new file mode 100644 index 0000000..f6628ba --- /dev/null +++ b/Bachelor/CCNA4/en_CCNA4_v30/ch6/6_1_6/index.html @@ -0,0 +1,29 @@ +<html>
+
+<head>
+
+<title>Cisco Global Learning Network</title>
+<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=windows-1252">
+
+</head>
+
+<frameset cols="490,301" framespacing="0" border="0" frameborder="0" marginheight=0 marginwidth=0 topmargin=0 leftmargin=0>
+ <frameset rows="100%,48">
+ <frame name="graphics" scrolling="no" marginwidth="0" marginheight="0" src="media.html">
+ <frame name="bottom" scrolling="no" marginwidth="0" marginheight="0" src="../../navigation.html" target="contents">
+ </frameset>
+ <frameset rows="100%,48">
+ <frame name="content" scrolling="yes" marginwidth="0" marginheight="0" target="_self" src="content.html">
+ <frame name="navigation" scrolling="no" marginwidth="0" marginheight="0" noresize src="buttons.html" target="self">
+ </frameset>
+
+ <noframes>
+ <body>
+
+ <p>This page uses frames, but your browser doesn't support them.</p>
+
+ </body>
+ </noframes>
+</frameset>
+
+</html>
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/Bachelor/CCNA4/en_CCNA4_v30/ch6/6_1_6/media.html b/Bachelor/CCNA4/en_CCNA4_v30/ch6/6_1_6/media.html new file mode 100644 index 0000000..e77a8a4 --- /dev/null +++ b/Bachelor/CCNA4/en_CCNA4_v30/ch6/6_1_6/media.html @@ -0,0 +1,21 @@ +<html>
+
+<head>
+
+
+
+<title>Flash Graphic</title>
+</head>
+
+<body bgcolor="#FFFFFF" topmargin="1" leftmargin="1">
+<OBJECT classid="clsid:D27CDB6E-AE6D-11cf-96B8-444553540000"
+ codebase="http://download.macromedia.com/pub/shockwave/cabs/flash/swflash.cab#version=6,0,0,0"
+ WIDTH="100%" HEIGHT="100%">
+ <PARAM NAME=movie VALUE="../../flash/ch06/6_1_6.swf"> <PARAM NAME=quality VALUE=high> <PARAM NAME=bgcolor VALUE=#FFFFFF>
+ <EMBED src="../../flash/ch06/6_1_6.swf" quality=high bgcolor=#FFFFFF WIDTH="100%" HEIGHT="100%" TYPE="application/x-shockwave-flash" PLUGINSPAGE="http://www.macromedia.com/go/getflashplayer"></EMBED></OBJECT>
+
+
+
+</body>
+
+</html>
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/Bachelor/CCNA4/en_CCNA4_v30/ch6/6_1_7/buttons.html b/Bachelor/CCNA4/en_CCNA4_v30/ch6/6_1_7/buttons.html new file mode 100644 index 0000000..7787803 --- /dev/null +++ b/Bachelor/CCNA4/en_CCNA4_v30/ch6/6_1_7/buttons.html @@ -0,0 +1,109 @@ +<html>
+
+<head>
+
+
+
+<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=windows-1252">
+<meta http-equiv="Content-Language" content="en-us">
+
+
+
+<title>New Page 1</title>
+<script language="JavaScript" src="../../javascript/buttons.js"></script>
+
+
+<script language="JavaScript">
+
+<!--
+
+if (document.images) {
+ image1on = new Image();
+ image1on.src = "../../images/index_ov.gif";
+
+ image2on = new Image();
+ image2on.src = "../../images/glossary_ov.gif";
+
+ image3on = new Image();
+ image3on.src = "../../images/back_ov.gif";
+
+ image4on = new Image();
+ image4on.src = "../../images/next_ov.gif";
+
+ image5on = new Image();
+ image5on.src = "../../images/quiz_ov.gif";
+
+ image1off = new Image();
+ image1off.src = "../../images/index_up.gif";
+
+ image2off = new Image();
+ image2off.src = "../../images/glossary_up.gif";
+
+ image3off = new Image();
+ image3off.src = "../../images/back_up.gif";
+
+ image4off = new Image();
+ image4off.src = "../../images/next_up.gif";
+
+ image5off = new Image();
+ image5off.src = "../../images/quiz_up.gif";
+
+ image1hint = new Image();
+ image1hint.src = "../../images/menu_index.gif";
+
+ image2hint = new Image();
+ image2hint.src = "../../images/menu_glossary.gif";
+
+ image3hint = new Image();
+ image3hint.src = "../../images/menu_back.gif";
+
+ image4hint = new Image();
+ image4hint.src = "../../images/menu_next.gif";
+
+ image5hint = new Image();
+ image5hint.src = "../../images/menu_quiz.gif";
+
+ imageHint = new Image();
+ imageHint.src = "../../images/menu_up.gif";
+}
+
+function changeImages() {
+ if (document.images) {
+ for (var i=0; i<changeImages.arguments.length; i+=2) {
+ document[changeImages.arguments[i]].src = eval(changeImages.arguments[i+1] + ".src");
+ }
+ }
+}
+
+// -->
+</script>
+
+
+<base target="_self">
+
+
+</head>
+
+<body bgcolor="#cccccc" topmargin="0" leftmargin="0" marginheight="0" marginwidth="0">
+
+<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" height="48" width="100%" style="border-collapse: collapse" bordercolor="#111111">
+ <tr>
+ <td bgcolor="#336666" width="100%" height="48" align="right"><font color="#FFFFFF" size="2" face="Arial"><b> </b></font>
+ <img name="hint" border="0" src="../../images/menu_up.gif" width="136" height="19"></td>
+ <td bgcolor="#336666" align="left" height="48"><a onMouseOver="changeImages('image1', 'image1on'); changeImages('hint', 'image1hint');" onMouseOut="changeImages('image1', 'image1off'); changeImages('hint', 'imageHint');" href="javascript:openIndex('ch6');">
+ <img name="image1" border="0" src="../../images/index_up.gif" width="31" height="48"></a></td>
+ <td bgcolor="#336666" align="left" height="48"><a onMouseOver="changeImages('image5', 'image5on'); changeImages('hint', 'image5hint');" onMouseOut="changeImages('image5', 'image5off'); changeImages('hint', 'imageHint');" href="javascript:openQuiz('ch06');">
+ <img name="image5" border="0" src="../../images/quiz_up.gif" width="31" height="48"></a></td>
+ <td bgcolor="#336666" align="left" height="48"><a href="javascript:openGlossary();" onMouseOver="changeImages('image2', 'image2on'); changeImages('hint', 'image2hint');" onMouseOut="changeImages('image2', 'image2off'); changeImages('hint', 'imageHint');">
+ <img name="image2" border="0" src="../../images/glossary_up.gif" width="31" height="48"></a></td>
+ <td bgcolor="#336666" valign="middle" align="left" height="48">
+ <a target="main" onMouseOver="changeImages('image3', 'image3on'); changeImages('hint', 'image3hint');" onMouseOut="changeImages('image3', 'image3off'); changeImages('hint', 'imageHint');" href="../6_1_6/index.html">
+ <img name="image3" border="0" src="../../images/back_up.gif" width="30" height="48"></a></td>
+ <td bgcolor="#336666" width="100%" valign="middle" height="48">
+ <a target="main" onMouseOver="changeImages('image4', 'image4on'); changeImages('hint', 'image4hint');" onMouseOut="changeImages('image4', 'image4off'); changeImages('hint', 'imageHint');" href="../6_1_8/index.html">
+ <img name="image4" border="0" src="../../images/next_up.gif" width="30" height="48"></a></td>
+ <td height="48"><img border="0" src="../../images/menu_bar.gif" width="15" height="48"></td>
+ </tr>
+</table>
+
+</html>
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/Bachelor/CCNA4/en_CCNA4_v30/ch6/6_1_7/content.html b/Bachelor/CCNA4/en_CCNA4_v30/ch6/6_1_7/content.html new file mode 100644 index 0000000..a149338 --- /dev/null +++ b/Bachelor/CCNA4/en_CCNA4_v30/ch6/6_1_7/content.html @@ -0,0 +1,75 @@ +<html>
+
+<head>
+<meta http-equiv="Content-Language" content="en-us">
+<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=windows-1252">
+<title>Content</title>
+<base target="_self">
+</head>
+
+<body background="../../images/bg.gif" topmargin="0" leftmargin="0" marginheight="0" marginwidth="0" onLoad="window.focus();" link="#808080" vlink="#808080" alink="#808080">
+
+<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="100%">
+ <tr>
+ <td bgcolor="#336666" width="18" valign="top">
+ <img border="0" src="../../images/content_lines.gif" width="16" height="25">
+ <img border="0" src="../../images/transdot.gif" width="2" height="1"></td>
+ <td bgcolor="#336666"><b><font face="Arial" size="2" color="#FFFFFF">6.1</b></font></td>
+ <td bgcolor="#336666"><img border="0" src="../../images/transdot.gif" width="10" height="1"></td>
+ <td bgcolor="#336666" width="100%"><b><font face="Arial" size="2" color="#FFFFFF">
+ Workstations and Servers</font></b></td>
+ <td width="9" bgcolor="#336666"> </td>
+ </tr>
+ <tr>
+ <td bgcolor="#669999" height="25" width="18"> </td>
+ <td bgcolor="#669999" height="25"><b>
+ <font face="Arial" size="2" color="#FFFFFF">6.1.7</font></b></td>
+ <td bgcolor="#669999"><img border="0" src="../../images/transdot.gif" width="10" height="1"></td>
+ <td bgcolor="#669999" height="25" width="100%"><strong>
+ <font face="Arial" size="2" color="#FFFFFF">Apple</font></strong></td>
+ <td bgcolor="#669999" height="25" width="9"> </td>
+ </tr></table>
+
+<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="95%" bordercolor="#111111">
+ <tr>
+ <td width="15"></td>
+ <td>
+
+ <font face="Arial" size="2">Apple Macintosh computers were designed
+ for easy networking in a peer-to-peer, workgroup situation. Network interfaces are included as part of the hardware and networking
+ components are built into the Macintosh operating system. Ethernet and
+ Token Ring network adapters are available for the Macintosh.</font><p>
+ <font face="Arial" size="2">The Macintosh, or Mac, is popular in many
+ educational institutions and corporate graphics departments. Macs can
+ be connected to one another in workgroups and can access AppleShare
+ file servers. Macs can also be connected to PC LANs that include
+ Microsoft, NetWare, or UNIX servers.
+ <img border="0" src="../../images/1.gif" align="absmiddle" width="12" height="12"></font></p>
+ <p><font face="Arial" size="2"><b>Mac OS X (10)</b><br>
+ The Macintosh operating system, Mac OS X, is sometimes referred to as
+ Apple System 10. </font></p>
+ <p><font face="Arial" size="2">Some of the features of Mac OS X are in
+ the GUI called Aqua. The Aqua GUI resembles a cross between Microsoft
+ Windows XP and Linux X-windows GUI. Mac OS X is designed to provide
+ features for the home computer, such as Internet browsing, video and
+ photo editing, and games, while still providing features that offer
+ powerful and customizable tools that IT professionals need in an
+ operating system.
+ <img border="0" src="../../images/2.gif" align="absmiddle" width="12" height="12"></font></p>
+ <p><font face="Arial" size="2">The Mac OS X is fully compatible with
+ older versions of the Mac operating systems. Mac OS X provides a new
+ feature that allows for AppleTalk and Windows connectivity. The Mac OS
+ X core operating system is called Darwin. Darwin is a UNIX-based,
+ powerful system that provides stability and performance. These
+ enhancements provide Mac OS X with support for protected memory,
+ preemptive multitasking, advanced memory management, and symmetric
+ multiprocessing. This makes Mac OS X a formidable competitor amongst
+ operating systems.</font></p>
+ <p><font face="Arial" size="2"> </font>
+ </td>
+ </tr>
+ </table>
+
+</body>
+
+</html>
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/Bachelor/CCNA4/en_CCNA4_v30/ch6/6_1_7/index.html b/Bachelor/CCNA4/en_CCNA4_v30/ch6/6_1_7/index.html new file mode 100644 index 0000000..f6628ba --- /dev/null +++ b/Bachelor/CCNA4/en_CCNA4_v30/ch6/6_1_7/index.html @@ -0,0 +1,29 @@ +<html>
+
+<head>
+
+<title>Cisco Global Learning Network</title>
+<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=windows-1252">
+
+</head>
+
+<frameset cols="490,301" framespacing="0" border="0" frameborder="0" marginheight=0 marginwidth=0 topmargin=0 leftmargin=0>
+ <frameset rows="100%,48">
+ <frame name="graphics" scrolling="no" marginwidth="0" marginheight="0" src="media.html">
+ <frame name="bottom" scrolling="no" marginwidth="0" marginheight="0" src="../../navigation.html" target="contents">
+ </frameset>
+ <frameset rows="100%,48">
+ <frame name="content" scrolling="yes" marginwidth="0" marginheight="0" target="_self" src="content.html">
+ <frame name="navigation" scrolling="no" marginwidth="0" marginheight="0" noresize src="buttons.html" target="self">
+ </frameset>
+
+ <noframes>
+ <body>
+
+ <p>This page uses frames, but your browser doesn't support them.</p>
+
+ </body>
+ </noframes>
+</frameset>
+
+</html>
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/Bachelor/CCNA4/en_CCNA4_v30/ch6/6_1_7/media.html b/Bachelor/CCNA4/en_CCNA4_v30/ch6/6_1_7/media.html new file mode 100644 index 0000000..48813e3 --- /dev/null +++ b/Bachelor/CCNA4/en_CCNA4_v30/ch6/6_1_7/media.html @@ -0,0 +1,21 @@ +<html>
+
+<head>
+
+
+
+<title>Flash Graphic</title>
+</head>
+
+<body bgcolor="#FFFFFF" topmargin="1" leftmargin="1">
+<OBJECT classid="clsid:D27CDB6E-AE6D-11cf-96B8-444553540000"
+ codebase="http://download.macromedia.com/pub/shockwave/cabs/flash/swflash.cab#version=6,0,0,0"
+ WIDTH="100%" HEIGHT="100%">
+ <PARAM NAME=movie VALUE="../../flash/ch06/6_1_7.swf"> <PARAM NAME=quality VALUE=high> <PARAM NAME=bgcolor VALUE=#FFFFFF>
+ <EMBED src="../../flash/ch06/6_1_7.swf" quality=high bgcolor=#FFFFFF WIDTH="100%" HEIGHT="100%" TYPE="application/x-shockwave-flash" PLUGINSPAGE="http://www.macromedia.com/go/getflashplayer"></EMBED></OBJECT>
+
+
+
+</body>
+
+</html>
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/Bachelor/CCNA4/en_CCNA4_v30/ch6/6_1_8/buttons.html b/Bachelor/CCNA4/en_CCNA4_v30/ch6/6_1_8/buttons.html new file mode 100644 index 0000000..82601de --- /dev/null +++ b/Bachelor/CCNA4/en_CCNA4_v30/ch6/6_1_8/buttons.html @@ -0,0 +1,108 @@ +<html>
+
+<head>
+
+
+
+<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=windows-1252">
+<meta http-equiv="Content-Language" content="en-us">
+
+
+
+<title>New Page 1</title>
+<script language="JavaScript" src="../../javascript/buttons.js"></script>
+
+
+<script language="JavaScript">
+
+<!--
+
+if (document.images) {
+ image1on = new Image();
+ image1on.src = "../../images/index_ov.gif";
+
+ image2on = new Image();
+ image2on.src = "../../images/glossary_ov.gif";
+
+ image3on = new Image();
+ image3on.src = "../../images/back_ov.gif";
+
+ image4on = new Image();
+ image4on.src = "../../images/next_ov.gif";
+
+ image5on = new Image();
+ image5on.src = "../../images/quiz_ov.gif";
+
+ image1off = new Image();
+ image1off.src = "../../images/index_up.gif";
+
+ image2off = new Image();
+ image2off.src = "../../images/glossary_up.gif";
+
+ image3off = new Image();
+ image3off.src = "../../images/back_up.gif";
+
+ image4off = new Image();
+ image4off.src = "../../images/next_up.gif";
+
+ image5off = new Image();
+ image5off.src = "../../images/quiz_up.gif";
+
+ image1hint = new Image();
+ image1hint.src = "../../images/menu_index.gif";
+
+ image2hint = new Image();
+ image2hint.src = "../../images/menu_glossary.gif";
+
+ image3hint = new Image();
+ image3hint.src = "../../images/menu_back.gif";
+
+ image4hint = new Image();
+ image4hint.src = "../../images/menu_next.gif";
+
+ image5hint = new Image();
+ image5hint.src = "../../images/menu_quiz.gif";
+
+ imageHint = new Image();
+ imageHint.src = "../../images/menu_up.gif";
+}
+
+function changeImages() {
+ if (document.images) {
+ for (var i=0; i<changeImages.arguments.length; i+=2) {
+ document[changeImages.arguments[i]].src = eval(changeImages.arguments[i+1] + ".src");
+ }
+ }
+}
+
+// -->
+</script>
+
+
+<base target="_self">
+
+
+</head>
+
+<body bgcolor="#cccccc" topmargin="0" leftmargin="0" marginheight="0" marginwidth="0">
+
+<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" height="48" width="100%" style="border-collapse: collapse" bordercolor="#111111">
+ <tr>
+ <td bgcolor="#336666" width="100%" height="48" align="right"><font color="#FFFFFF" size="2" face="Arial"><b> </b></font>
+ <img name="hint" border="0" src="../../images/menu_up.gif" width="136" height="19"></td>
+ <td bgcolor="#336666" align="left" height="48"><a onMouseOver="changeImages('image1', 'image1on'); changeImages('hint', 'image1hint');" onMouseOut="changeImages('image1', 'image1off'); changeImages('hint', 'imageHint');" href="javascript:openIndex('ch6');">
+ <img name="image1" border="0" src="../../images/index_up.gif" width="31" height="48"></a></td>
+ <td bgcolor="#336666" align="left" height="48"><a onMouseOver="changeImages('image5', 'image5on'); changeImages('hint', 'image5hint');" onMouseOut="changeImages('image5', 'image5off'); changeImages('hint', 'imageHint');" href="javascript:openQuiz('ch06');">
+ <img name="image5" border="0" src="../../images/quiz_up.gif" width="31" height="48"></a></td>
+ <td bgcolor="#336666" align="left" height="48"><a href="javascript:openGlossary();" onMouseOver="changeImages('image2', 'image2on'); changeImages('hint', 'image2hint');" onMouseOut="changeImages('image2', 'image2off'); changeImages('hint', 'imageHint');">
+ <img name="image2" border="0" src="../../images/glossary_up.gif" width="31" height="48"></a></td>
+ <td bgcolor="#336666" valign="middle" align="left" height="48">
+ <a target="main" onMouseOver="changeImages('image3', 'image3on'); changeImages('hint', 'image3hint');" onMouseOut="changeImages('image3', 'image3off'); changeImages('hint', 'imageHint');" href="../6_1_7/index.html">
+ <img name="image3" border="0" src="../../images/back_up.gif" width="30" height="48"></a></td>
+ <td bgcolor="#336666" width="100%" valign="middle" height="48"><a href="../6_2_1/index.html" target="main" onMouseOver="changeImages('image4', 'image4on'); changeImages('hint', 'image4hint');" onMouseOut="changeImages('image4', 'image4off'); changeImages('hint', 'imageHint');">
+ <img name="image4" border="0" src="../../images/next_up.gif" width="30" height="48"></a></td>
+ <td height="48"><img border="0" src="../../images/menu_bar.gif" width="15" height="48"></td>
+ </tr>
+</table>
+
+</html>
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/Bachelor/CCNA4/en_CCNA4_v30/ch6/6_1_8/content.html b/Bachelor/CCNA4/en_CCNA4_v30/ch6/6_1_8/content.html new file mode 100644 index 0000000..8a5b98a --- /dev/null +++ b/Bachelor/CCNA4/en_CCNA4_v30/ch6/6_1_8/content.html @@ -0,0 +1,155 @@ +<html>
+
+<head>
+<meta http-equiv="Content-Language" content="en-us">
+<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=windows-1252">
+<title>Content</title>
+<base target="_self">
+</head>
+
+<body background="../../images/bg.gif" topmargin="0" leftmargin="0" marginheight="0" marginwidth="0" onLoad="window.focus();" link="#808080" vlink="#808080" alink="#808080">
+
+<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="100%">
+ <tr>
+ <td bgcolor="#336666" width="18" valign="top">
+ <img border="0" src="../../images/content_lines.gif" width="16" height="25">
+ <img border="0" src="../../images/transdot.gif" width="2" height="1"></td>
+ <td bgcolor="#336666"><b><font face="Arial" size="2" color="#FFFFFF">6.1</b></font></td>
+ <td bgcolor="#336666"><img border="0" src="../../images/transdot.gif" width="10" height="1"></td>
+ <td bgcolor="#336666" width="100%"><b><font face="Arial" size="2" color="#FFFFFF">
+ Workstations and Servers</font></b></td>
+ <td width="9" bgcolor="#336666"> </td>
+ </tr>
+ <tr>
+ <td bgcolor="#669999" height="25" width="18"> </td>
+ <td bgcolor="#669999" height="25"><b>
+ <font face="Arial" size="2" color="#FFFFFF">6.1.8</font></b></td>
+ <td bgcolor="#669999"><img border="0" src="../../images/transdot.gif" width="10" height="1"></td>
+ <td bgcolor="#669999" height="25" width="100%"><strong>
+ <font face="Arial" size="2" color="#FFFFFF">Concept of service on servers</font></strong></td>
+ <td bgcolor="#669999" height="25" width="9"> </td>
+ </tr></table>
+
+<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="95%" bordercolor="#111111">
+ <tr>
+ <td width="15"></td>
+ <td>
+
+ <font face="Arial" size="2">Networking operating systems (NOSs) are
+ designed to provide network processes to clients. Network
+ services include the World Wide Web (WWW), file sharing, mail
+ exchange, directory services, remote management, and print services.
+ Remote management is a powerful service that allows administrators to
+ configure networked systems that are miles apart. It is important to
+ understand that these network processes are referred to as services in
+ Windows 2000 and daemons in UNIX and Linux. Network
+ processes all provide the same functions, but the way
+ processes are loaded and interact with the NOS are different in each
+ operating system.
+ <img border="0" src="../../images/1.gif" align="absmiddle" width="12" height="12">
+ <img border="0" src="../../images/2.gif" align="absmiddle" width="12" height="12">
+ <img border="0" src="../../images/3.gif" align="absmiddle" width="12" height="12"></font><p>
+ <font face="Arial" size="2">Depending on the NOS, some of these key
+ network processes may be enabled during a default installation. Most
+ popular network processes rely on the TCP/IP suite of protocols.
+ Because TCP/IP is an open, well-known set of protocols, TCP/IP-based
+ services are vulnerable to unauthorized scans and malicious
+ attacks. Denial of service (DoS) attacks, computer viruses, and
+ fast-spreading Internet worms have forced NOS designers to reconsider
+ which network services are started automatically.</font></p>
+ <p><font face="Arial" size="2">Recent versions of popular NOSs, such
+ as Windows 2000 and Red Hat Linux 7, restrict the number of network
+ services that are on by default. When deploying a NOS, key network
+ services will need to be enabled manually.</font></p>
+ <p><font face="Arial" size="2">When a user decides to print in a
+ networked printing environment, the job is sent to the appropriate
+ queue for the selected printer. Print queues stack the incoming print
+ jobs and services them using a first-in, first-out (FIFO) order. When a job is added to the queue, it is placed at the end of the
+ waiting list and printed last. The printing wait time can sometimes be long,
+ depending on the size of the print jobs at the head of the queue. A network print service will provide system administrators with the
+ necessary tools to manage the large number of print jobs being routed
+ throughout the network. This includes the ability to prioritize,
+ pause, and even delete print jobs that are waiting to be printed.</font></p>
+ <p><font face="Arial" size="2"><b>File sharing </b><br>
+ The ability to share files over a network is an important network
+ service. There are many file sharing protocols and applications in use
+ today. Within a corporate or home network, files are typically shared
+ using Windows File Sharing or the Network File Sharing (NFS) protocol.
+ In such environments, an end user may not even know if a given file is
+ on a local hard disk or on a remote server. Windows File Sharing and
+ NFS allow users to easily move, create, and delete files in remote
+ directories.</font></p>
+ <p><font face="Arial" size="2"><b>File Transfer Protocol (FTP)</b><br>
+ Many organizations make files available to remote employees, to
+ customers, and to the general public using FTP. FTP services are
+ made available to the public in conjunction with web services. For
+ example, a user may browse a website, read about a software update on
+ a web page, and then download the update using FTP. Smaller companies
+ may use a single server to provide FTP and HTTP services, while larger
+ companies may choose to use dedicated FTP servers. </font></p>
+ <p><font face="Arial" size="2">Although FTP clients must logon, many
+ FTP servers are configured to allow anonymous access. When users
+ access a server anonymously, they do not need to have a user account
+ on the system. The FTP protocol also allows users to upload, rename,
+ and delete files, so administrators must be careful to configure an
+ FTP server to control levels of access.</font></p>
+ <p><font face="Arial" size="2">FTP is a session-oriented protocol.
+ Clients must open an application layer session with the server,
+ authenticate, and then perform an action, such as download or upload.
+ If the client session is inactive for a certain length of time, the
+ server disconnects the client. This inactive length of time is called
+ an idle timeout. The length of an FTP idle timeout varies depending on
+ the software.</font></p>
+ <p><font face="Arial" size="2"><b>Web services</b><br>
+ The World Wide Web is now the most visible network service. In less
+ than a decade, the World Wide Web has become a global network of
+ information, commerce, education, and entertainment. Millions of
+ companies, organizations, and individuals maintain websites on the
+ Internet. Websites are collections of web pages stored on a server or
+ group of servers.</font></p>
+ <p><font face="Arial" size="2">The World Wide Web is based on a
+ client/server model. Clients attempt to establish TCP sessions with
+ web servers. Once a session is established, a client can request data
+ from the server. HTTP typically governs client requests and server
+ transfers. Web client software includes GUI web browsers, such as
+ Netscape Navigator and Internet Explorer.</font></p>
+ <p><font face="Arial" size="2">Web pages are hosted on computers
+ running web service software. The two most common web server software
+ packages are Microsoft Internet Information Services (IIS) and Apache
+ Web Server. Microsoft IIS runs on a Windows platform and Apache Web
+ Server runs on UNIX and Linux platforms. A Web
+ service software package is available for virtually all operating systems currently in
+ production.</font></p>
+ <p><font face="Arial" size="2"><b>Domain Name System (DNS) </b><br>
+ The Domain Name System (DNS) protocol translates an Internet name,
+ such as www.cisco.com, into an IP address. Many applications rely on
+ the directory services provided by DNS to do this work. Web browsers,
+ e-mail programs, and file transfer programs all use the names of
+ remote systems. The DNS protocol allows these clients to make requests
+ to DNS servers in the network for the translation of names to IP
+ addresses. Applications can then use the addresses to send their
+ messages. Without this directory lookup service, the Internet would be
+ almost impossible to use.</font></p>
+ <p><font face="Arial" size="2"><b>Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol
+ (DHCP)</b><br>
+ The purpose of Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP) is to enable
+ individual computers on an IP network to learn their TCP/IP
+ configurations from the DHCP server or servers. DHCP servers
+ have no information about the individual computers until
+ information is requested. The overall purpose of this is to reduce the
+ work necessary to administer a large IP network. The most significant
+ piece of information distributed in this manner is the IP address that
+ identifies the host on the network. DHCP also allows for recovery and
+ the ability to automatically renew network IP addresses through a
+ leasing mechanism. This mechanism allocates an IP address for a
+ specific time period, releases it, and then assigns a new IP address. DHCP allows all this to be done by a DHCP server which saves the
+ system administrator considerable amount of time.</font></p>
+ <p><font face="Arial" size="2">
+ </font>
+ </td>
+ </tr>
+ </table>
+
+</body>
+
+</html>
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/Bachelor/CCNA4/en_CCNA4_v30/ch6/6_1_8/index.html b/Bachelor/CCNA4/en_CCNA4_v30/ch6/6_1_8/index.html new file mode 100644 index 0000000..f6628ba --- /dev/null +++ b/Bachelor/CCNA4/en_CCNA4_v30/ch6/6_1_8/index.html @@ -0,0 +1,29 @@ +<html>
+
+<head>
+
+<title>Cisco Global Learning Network</title>
+<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=windows-1252">
+
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+
+<frameset cols="490,301" framespacing="0" border="0" frameborder="0" marginheight=0 marginwidth=0 topmargin=0 leftmargin=0>
+ <frameset rows="100%,48">
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+ </frameset>
+ <frameset rows="100%,48">
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+ <frame name="navigation" scrolling="no" marginwidth="0" marginheight="0" noresize src="buttons.html" target="self">
+ </frameset>
+
+ <noframes>
+ <body>
+
+ <p>This page uses frames, but your browser doesn't support them.</p>
+
+ </body>
+ </noframes>
+</frameset>
+
+</html>
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+
+<head>
+
+
+
+<title>Flash Graphic</title>
+</head>
+
+<body bgcolor="#FFFFFF" topmargin="1" leftmargin="1">
+<OBJECT classid="clsid:D27CDB6E-AE6D-11cf-96B8-444553540000"
+ codebase="http://download.macromedia.com/pub/shockwave/cabs/flash/swflash.cab#version=6,0,0,0"
+ WIDTH="100%" HEIGHT="100%">
+ <PARAM NAME=movie VALUE="../../flash/ch06/6_1_8.swf"> <PARAM NAME=quality VALUE=high> <PARAM NAME=bgcolor VALUE=#FFFFFF>
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+
+
+
+</body>
+
+</html>
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/Bachelor/CCNA4/en_CCNA4_v30/ch6/6_2_1/buttons.html b/Bachelor/CCNA4/en_CCNA4_v30/ch6/6_2_1/buttons.html new file mode 100644 index 0000000..fd4c70d --- /dev/null +++ b/Bachelor/CCNA4/en_CCNA4_v30/ch6/6_2_1/buttons.html @@ -0,0 +1,108 @@ +<html>
+
+<head>
+
+
+
+<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=windows-1252">
+<meta http-equiv="Content-Language" content="en-us">
+
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+ image1on = new Image();
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+
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+ image3on.src = "../../images/back_ov.gif";
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+ image3off.src = "../../images/back_up.gif";
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+ image1hint.src = "../../images/menu_index.gif";
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+ image2hint.src = "../../images/menu_glossary.gif";
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+ image3hint.src = "../../images/menu_back.gif";
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+ image4hint.src = "../../images/menu_next.gif";
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+ image5hint.src = "../../images/menu_quiz.gif";
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+ imageHint.src = "../../images/menu_up.gif";
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+
+function changeImages() {
+ if (document.images) {
+ for (var i=0; i<changeImages.arguments.length; i+=2) {
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+ }
+ }
+}
+
+// -->
+</script>
+
+
+<base target="_self">
+
+
+</head>
+
+<body bgcolor="#cccccc" topmargin="0" leftmargin="0" marginheight="0" marginwidth="0">
+
+<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" height="48" width="100%" style="border-collapse: collapse" bordercolor="#111111">
+ <tr>
+ <td bgcolor="#336666" width="100%" height="48" align="right"><font color="#FFFFFF" size="2" face="Arial"><b> </b></font>
+ <img name="hint" border="0" src="../../images/menu_up.gif" width="136" height="19"></td>
+ <td bgcolor="#336666" align="left" height="48"><a onMouseOver="changeImages('image1', 'image1on'); changeImages('hint', 'image1hint');" onMouseOut="changeImages('image1', 'image1off'); changeImages('hint', 'imageHint');" href="javascript:openIndex('ch6');">
+ <img name="image1" border="0" src="../../images/index_up.gif" width="31" height="48"></a></td>
+ <td bgcolor="#336666" align="left" height="48"><a onMouseOver="changeImages('image5', 'image5on'); changeImages('hint', 'image5hint');" onMouseOut="changeImages('image5', 'image5off'); changeImages('hint', 'imageHint');" href="javascript:openQuiz('ch06');">
+ <img name="image5" border="0" src="../../images/quiz_up.gif" width="31" height="48"></a></td>
+ <td bgcolor="#336666" align="left" height="48"><a href="javascript:openGlossary();" onMouseOver="changeImages('image2', 'image2on'); changeImages('hint', 'image2hint');" onMouseOut="changeImages('image2', 'image2off'); changeImages('hint', 'imageHint');">
+ <img name="image2" border="0" src="../../images/glossary_up.gif" width="31" height="48"></a></td>
+ <td bgcolor="#336666" valign="middle" align="left" height="48">
+ <a target="main" onMouseOver="changeImages('image3', 'image3on'); changeImages('hint', 'image3hint');" onMouseOut="changeImages('image3', 'image3off'); changeImages('hint', 'imageHint');" href="../6_1_8/index.html">
+ <img name="image3" border="0" src="../../images/back_up.gif" width="30" height="48"></a></td>
+ <td bgcolor="#336666" width="100%" valign="middle" height="48"><a href="../../ch6/6_2_2/index.html" target="main" onMouseOver="changeImages('image4', 'image4on'); changeImages('hint', 'image4hint');" onMouseOut="changeImages('image4', 'image4off'); changeImages('hint', 'imageHint');">
+ <img name="image4" border="0" src="../../images/next_up.gif" width="30" height="48"></a></td>
+ <td height="48"><img border="0" src="../../images/menu_bar.gif" width="15" height="48"></td>
+ </tr>
+</table>
+
+</html>
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+
+<head>
+<meta http-equiv="Content-Language" content="en-us">
+<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=windows-1252">
+<title>Content</title>
+<base target="_self">
+</head>
+
+<body background="../../images/bg.gif" topmargin="0" leftmargin="0" marginheight="0" marginwidth="0" onLoad="window.focus();" link="#808080" vlink="#808080" alink="#808080">
+
+<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="100%">
+ <tr>
+ <td bgcolor="#336666" width="18" valign="top">
+ <img border="0" src="../../images/content_lines.gif" width="16" height="25">
+ <img border="0" src="../../images/transdot.gif" width="2" height="1"></td>
+ <td bgcolor="#336666"><b><font face="Arial" size="2" color="#FFFFFF">6.2</b></font></td>
+ <td bgcolor="#336666"><img border="0" src="../../images/transdot.gif" width="10" height="1"></td>
+ <td bgcolor="#336666" width="100%"><strong><font size="2" color="#FFFFFF">
+ <span style="font-family: Arial">Network Management</span></font></strong></td>
+ <td width="9" bgcolor="#336666"> </td>
+ </tr>
+ <tr>
+ <td bgcolor="#669999" height="25" width="18"> </td>
+ <td bgcolor="#669999" height="25"><b>
+ <font face="Arial" size="2" color="#FFFFFF">6.2.1</font></b></td>
+ <td bgcolor="#669999"><img border="0" src="../../images/transdot.gif" width="10" height="1"></td>
+ <td bgcolor="#669999" height="25" width="100%"><strong>
+ <font size="2" color="#FFFFFF"><span style="font-family: Arial">Introduction
+ to network management </span></font></strong></td>
+ <td bgcolor="#669999" height="25" width="9"> </td>
+ </tr></table>
+
+<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="95%" bordercolor="#111111">
+ <tr>
+ <td width="15"></td>
+ <td>
+
+ <font face="Arial" size="2">As a network evolves and grows, it becomes
+ a more critical and indispensable resource to the organization.
+ <img border="0" src="../../images/1.gif" align="absmiddle" width="12" height="12"> As more
+ network resources are available to users, the network becomes more
+ complex, and maintaining the network becomes more complicated. Loss of
+ network resources and poor performance are results of increased
+ complexity and are not acceptable to the users.
+ <img border="0" src="../../images/2.gif" align="absmiddle" width="12" height="12"> The
+ network administrator must actively manage the network, diagnose
+ problems, prevent situations from occurring, and provide the best
+ performance of the network for the users. At some point, networks
+ become too large to manage without automated network management tools.</font><p>
+
+ <font face="Arial" size="2">Network Management includes:</font></p>
+ <ul>
+ <li>
+
+ <font face="Arial" size="2">Monitoring network availability</font></li>
+ <li>
+
+ <font face="Arial" size="2">Improved automation </font></li>
+ <li>
+
+ <font face="Arial" size="2">Monitoring response time</font></li>
+ <li>
+
+ <font face="Arial" size="2">Security features</font></li>
+ <li>
+
+ <font face="Arial" size="2">Traffic rerouting</font></li>
+ <li>
+
+ <font face="Arial" size="2">Restoration capability</font></li>
+ <li>
+
+ <font face="Arial" size="2">User registration</font></li>
+ </ul>
+ <p>
+
+ <font face="Arial" size="2">The driving forces behind network
+ management are shown in Figure
+ <img border="0" src="../../images/3.gif" align="absmiddle" width="12" height="12"> and
+ explained below:</font></p>
+ <ul>
+ <li>
+
+ <font face="Arial" size="2"><b>Controlling corporate assets</b> – If
+ network resources are not effectively controlled, they will not
+ provide the results that management requires.</font></li>
+ <li>
+
+ <font face="Arial" size="2"><b>Controlling complexity</b> – With
+ massive growth in the number of network components, users, interfaces,
+ protocols, and vendors, loss of control of the network and its
+ resources threatens management.</font></li>
+ <li>
+
+ <font face="Arial" size="2"><b>Improved service</b> – Users expect
+ the same or improved service as the network grows and the resources
+ become more distributed.</font></li>
+ <li>
+
+ <font face="Arial" size="2"><b>Balancing various needs</b> – Users
+ must be provided with various applications at a given level of
+ support, with specific requirements in the areas of performance,
+ availability, and security.</font></li>
+ <li>
+
+ <font face="Arial" size="2"><b>Reducing downtime</b> – Ensure high
+ availability of resources by proper redundant design.</font></li>
+ <li>
+
+ <font face="Arial" size="2"><b>Controlling costs</b> – Monitor and
+ control resource utilization so that user needs can be satisfied at
+ a reasonable cost.</li>
+ </ul>
+ <p>Some basic network management terms are introduced in Figure
+ <img border="0" src="../../images/4.gif" align="absmiddle" width="12" height="12">.</font></p>
+
+ <TABLE bgcolor="#B0AFAF" width="95%" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0">
+ <TR>
+ <TD valign="top">
+ <TABLE bgcolor="#669999" width="100%" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" border="0">
+ <TR>
+ <TD width="5">
+ <img border="0" src="../../images/lab_toplft.gif" width="116" height="23"></TD>
+ <TD><IMG alt="" height="1" width="3" src="../../images/s.gif"></TD><TD align="right" valign="top">
+ <IMG alt="" src="../../images/corner_ur_7.gif" width="7" height="7"></TD>
+ </TR>
+ </TABLE>
+
+ <TABLE bgcolor="#B0AFAF" width="100%" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" border="0">
+ <TR>
+ <TD>
+ <TABLE width="100%" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" border="0" bordercolor="#111111">
+ <TR>
+ <TD bgcolor="#ffffff" width="15"> </TD>
+ <TD bgcolor="#ffffff"><font FACE="Arial" SIZE="2" COLOR="#000000">
+ <p><font color="#808080">
+ <a href="javascript:void(0)" onClick="window.open('../../activities/ch06/activity_6_2_1.html','Interactivity','width=740,height=390,toolbar=0,resizable=yes,scrollbars=0,screenX=26,screenY=38,left=26,top=38');">
+ <img border="0" src="../../images/media_icon.gif" width="25" height="25"></a> <b>
+ <a onClick="window.open('../../activities/ch06/activity_6_2_1.html','Interactivity','width=740,height=390,toolbar=0,resizable=yes,scrollbars=0,screenX=26,screenY=38,left=26,top=38');" href="javascript:void(0)">Interactive Media Activity</a></b></font></p>
+ </font><font FACE="Arial" SIZE="2" COLOR="#808080">
+ <p>Drag and Drop: Network Management Terminology</p>
+ <p>When the student has completed this activity, the student
+ will be able to identify the terminology used in Network
+ Management.</p>
+ </font><font FACE="Arial" SIZE="2" COLOR="#000000">
+ <p><IMG alt="" height="2" width="1" src="../../images/s.gif"></p></TD>
+ </TR>
+ </TABLE>
+ </TD>
+ </TR>
+ </TABLE>
+ </TD>
+ </TR>
+ </TABLE>
+
+
+ <p>
+ </td>
+ </tr>
+ </table>
+
+</body>
+
+</html>
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/Bachelor/CCNA4/en_CCNA4_v30/ch6/6_2_1/index.html b/Bachelor/CCNA4/en_CCNA4_v30/ch6/6_2_1/index.html new file mode 100644 index 0000000..f6628ba --- /dev/null +++ b/Bachelor/CCNA4/en_CCNA4_v30/ch6/6_2_1/index.html @@ -0,0 +1,29 @@ +<html>
+
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+<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=windows-1252">
+
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+
+ </body>
+ </noframes>
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+
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+
+<head>
+
+
+
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+</head>
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+
+<head>
+<meta http-equiv="Content-Language" content="en-us">
+<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=windows-1252">
+<title>Content</title>
+<base target="_self">
+</head>
+
+<body background="../../images/bg.gif" topmargin="0" leftmargin="0" marginheight="0" marginwidth="0" onLoad="window.focus();" link="#808080" vlink="#808080" alink="#808080">
+
+<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="100%">
+ <tr>
+ <td bgcolor="#336666" width="18" valign="top">
+ <img border="0" src="../../images/content_lines.gif" width="16" height="25">
+ <img border="0" src="../../images/transdot.gif" width="2" height="1"></td>
+ <td bgcolor="#336666"><b><font face="Arial" size="2" color="#FFFFFF">6.2</b></font></td>
+ <td bgcolor="#336666"><img border="0" src="../../images/transdot.gif" width="10" height="1"></td>
+ <td bgcolor="#336666" width="100%"><strong>
+ <font size="2" color="#FFFFFF"><span style="font-family: Arial">Network
+ Management</span></font></strong></td>
+ <td width="9" bgcolor="#336666"> </td>
+ </tr>
+ <tr>
+ <td bgcolor="#669999" height="25" width="18"> </td>
+ <td bgcolor="#669999" height="25"><b>
+ <font face="Arial" size="2" color="#FFFFFF">6.2.2</font></b></td>
+ <td bgcolor="#669999"><img border="0" src="../../images/transdot.gif" width="10" height="1"></td>
+ <td bgcolor="#669999" height="25" width="100%"><strong>
+ <font size="2" color="#FFFFFF"><span style="font-family: Arial">OSI and
+ network management model</span></font></strong></td>
+ <td bgcolor="#669999" height="25" width="9"> </td>
+ </tr></table>
+
+<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="95%" bordercolor="#111111">
+ <tr>
+ <td width="15"></td>
+ <td>
+
+ <p><font face="Arial" size="2">The International Standards Organization (ISO) created a
+ committee to produce a model for network management, under the
+ direction of the OSI group.</font></p>
+
+ <p><font face="Arial" size="2">This model has four parts:</font></p>
+ <ul>
+ <li><font face="Arial" size="2">Organization </font></li>
+ <li><font face="Arial" size="2">Information </font></li>
+ <li><font face="Arial" size="2">Communication </font></li>
+ <li><font face="Arial" size="2">Functional </font></li>
+ </ul>
+
+ <p><font face="Arial" size="2">This is a view of network management from the top-down, divided into
+ four submodels and recognized by the OSI standard.
+ <img border="0" src="../../images/1.gif" align="absmiddle" width="12" height="12"></font></p>
+
+ <p><font face="Arial" size="2">The Organization model
+ <img border="0" src="../../images/2.gif" align="absmiddle" width="12" height="12"> describes the components of network management
+ such as a manager, agent, and so on, and their relationships. The arrangement
+ of these components leads to different types of architecture, which
+ will be discussed later.</font></p>
+
+ <p><font face="Arial" size="2">The Information model is concerned with
+ structure and storage of network management information.
+ <img border="0" src="../../images/3.gif" align="absmiddle" width="12" height="12"> This information is stored
+ in a database, called a management information base (MIB). The ISO
+ defined the structure of management information (SMI) to define the
+ syntax and semantics of management information stored in the MIB. MIBs and SMI will be covered in more depth later.</font></p>
+
+ <p><font face="Arial" size="2">The Communication model deals with how the management data is
+ communicated between the agent and manager process.<img border="0" src="../../images/4.gif" align="absmiddle" width="12" height="12">
+ It is concerned with
+ the transport protocol, the application protocol, and commands and
+ responses between peers.</font></p>
+
+ <p><font face="Arial" size="2">The Functional model addresses the network management applications
+ that reside upon the network management station (NMS).
+ <img border="0" src="../../images/5.gif" align="absmiddle" width="12" height="12"> The OSI network
+ management model categorizes five areas of function, sometimes
+ referred to as the FCAPS model:</font></p>
+ <ul>
+ <li><font face="Arial" size="2">Fault</font></li>
+ <li><font face="Arial" size="2">Configuration</font></li>
+ <li><font face="Arial" size="2">Accounting </font></li>
+ <li><font face="Arial" size="2">Performance</font></li>
+ <li><font face="Arial" size="2">Security</font></li>
+ </ul>
+
+ <p><font face="Arial" size="2">This network management model has gained broad acceptance by vendors
+ as a useful way of describing the requirements for any network
+ management system.</font></p>
+
+ <p><font face="Arial" size="2"> </font> </p>
+ </td>
+ </tr>
+ </table>
+
+</body>
+
+</html>
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+ <td bgcolor="#336666" width="100%" height="48" align="right"><font color="#FFFFFF" size="2" face="Arial"><b> </b></font>
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+
+<head>
+<meta http-equiv="Content-Language" content="en-us">
+<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=windows-1252">
+<title>Content</title>
+<base target="_self">
+</head>
+
+<body background="../../images/bg.gif" topmargin="0" leftmargin="0" marginheight="0" marginwidth="0" onLoad="window.focus();" link="#808080" vlink="#808080" alink="#808080">
+
+<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="100%">
+ <tr>
+ <td bgcolor="#336666" width="18" valign="top">
+ <img border="0" src="../../images/content_lines.gif" width="16" height="25">
+ <img border="0" src="../../images/transdot.gif" width="2" height="1"></td>
+ <td bgcolor="#336666"><b><font face="Arial" size="2" color="#FFFFFF">6.2</b></font></td>
+ <td bgcolor="#336666"><img border="0" src="../../images/transdot.gif" width="10" height="1"></td>
+ <td bgcolor="#336666" width="100%"><strong><font size="2" color="#FFFFFF">
+ <span style="font-family: Arial">Network Management</span></font></strong></td>
+ <td width="9" bgcolor="#336666"> </td>
+ </tr>
+ <tr>
+ <td bgcolor="#669999" height="25" width="18"> </td>
+ <td bgcolor="#669999" height="25"><b>
+ <font face="Arial" size="2" color="#FFFFFF">6.2.3</font></b></td>
+ <td bgcolor="#669999"><img border="0" src="../../images/transdot.gif" width="10" height="1"></td>
+ <td bgcolor="#669999" height="25" width="100%"><strong>
+ <font face="Arial" size="2" color="#FFFFFF">SNMP and CMIP standards</font></strong></td>
+ <td bgcolor="#669999" height="25" width="9"> </td>
+ </tr></table>
+
+<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="95%" bordercolor="#111111">
+ <tr>
+ <td width="15"></td>
+ <td>
+
+ <font face="Arial" size="2">To allow for interoperability of management across
+ many different network platforms, network management standards are
+ required so that vendors can implement and adhere to these standards.
+ Two main standards have emerged:
+ <img border="0" src="../../images/1.gif" align="absmiddle" width="12" height="12"></font><ul>
+ <li>
+
+ <font face="Arial" size="2"><b>Simple Network Management Protocol</b> – IETF community</font></li>
+ <li>
+
+ <font face="Arial" size="2"><b>Common Management Information Protocol</b>
+ – Telecommunications community</font></li>
+ </ul>
+ <p>
+
+ <font face="Arial" size="2">Simple Network Management Protocol (SNMP)
+ actually refers to a set of standards for network management,
+ including a protocol, a database structure specification, and a set of
+ data objects. SNMP was adopted as the standard for TCP/IP internets in
+ 1989 and became very popular. An upgrade, known as SNMP version 2c
+ (SNMPv2c) was adopted in 1993. SNMPv2c provides support for
+ centralized and distributed network management strategies, and
+ included improvements in the structure of management information (SMI),
+ protocol operations, management architecture, and security. This was designed to run on OSI based
+ networks as well as TCP/IP based networks. Since then SNMPv3 has been
+ released. To solve the security shortcomings of SNMPv1 and SNMPv2c,
+ SNMPv3 provides secure access to MIBs by authenticating and
+ encrypting packets over the network. The common management information
+ protocol (CMIP) is an OSI network management protocol that was created
+ and standardized by the ISO for the monitoring and control of
+ heterogeneous networks.</font></p>
+ <p>
+ <TABLE bgcolor="#B0AFAF" width="95%" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0">
+ <TR>
+ <TD valign="top">
+ <TABLE bgcolor="#669999" width="100%" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" border="0">
+ <TR>
+ <TD width="5">
+ <img border="0" src="../../images/lab_toplft.gif" width="116" height="23"></TD>
+ <TD><IMG alt="" height="1" width="3" src="../../images/s.gif"></TD><TD align="right" valign="top">
+ <IMG alt="" src="../../images/corner_ur_7.gif" width="7" height="7"></TD>
+ </TR>
+ </TABLE>
+
+ <TABLE bgcolor="#B0AFAF" width="100%" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" border="0">
+ <TR>
+ <TD>
+ <TABLE width="100%" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" border="0" bordercolor="#111111">
+ <TR>
+ <TD bgcolor="#ffffff" width="15"> </TD>
+ <TD bgcolor="#ffffff"><font FACE="Arial" SIZE="2" COLOR="#000000">
+ <p><font color="#808080">
+ <img border="0" src="../../images/links_icon.gif" width="25" height="25">
+ <b>Web Links</b></font></p>
+ </font><font FACE="Arial" SIZE="2" COLOR="#808080">
+
+ <p>CMIP<p>
+ <a target="_blank" href="http://www.cisco.com/en/US/tech/tk472/tk473/tk119/tech_protocol_home.html">
+ http://www.cisco.com/en/US/tech/
+ tk472/tk473/ tk119/tech_protocol_
+ home.html</a></font></p>
+
+ <p>
+ <IMG alt="" height="2" width="1" src="../../images/s.gif"></p>
+ </TD>
+ </TR>
+ </TABLE>
+ </TD>
+ </TR>
+ </TABLE>
+ </TD>
+ </TR>
+ </TABLE><p>
+
+ <font face="Arial" size="2"> </font>
+ </td>
+ </tr>
+ </table>
+
+</body>
+
+</html>
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+
+<head>
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+<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=windows-1252">
+<title>Content</title>
+<base target="_self">
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+
+<body background="../../images/bg.gif" topmargin="0" leftmargin="0" marginheight="0" marginwidth="0" onLoad="window.focus();" link="#808080" vlink="#808080" alink="#808080">
+
+<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="100%">
+ <tr>
+ <td bgcolor="#336666" width="18" valign="top">
+ <img border="0" src="../../images/content_lines.gif" width="16" height="25">
+ <img border="0" src="../../images/transdot.gif" width="2" height="1"></td>
+ <td bgcolor="#336666"><b><font face="Arial" size="2" color="#FFFFFF">6.2</b></font></td>
+ <td bgcolor="#336666"><img border="0" src="../../images/transdot.gif" width="10" height="1"></td>
+ <td bgcolor="#336666" width="100%"><strong><font size="2" color="#FFFFFF">
+ <span style="font-family: Arial">Network Management</span></font></strong></td>
+ <td width="9" bgcolor="#336666"> </td>
+ </tr>
+ <tr>
+ <td bgcolor="#669999" height="25" width="18"> </td>
+ <td bgcolor="#669999" height="25"><b>
+ <font face="Arial" size="2" color="#FFFFFF">6.2.4</font></b></td>
+ <td bgcolor="#669999"><img border="0" src="../../images/transdot.gif" width="10" height="1"></td>
+ <td bgcolor="#669999" height="25" width="100%"><strong>
+ <font face="Arial" size="2" color="#FFFFFF">SNMP operation</font></strong></td>
+ <td bgcolor="#669999" height="25" width="9"> </td>
+ </tr></table>
+
+<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="95%" bordercolor="#111111">
+ <tr>
+ <td width="15"></td>
+ <td>
+
+ <font face="Arial" size="2">Simple Network Management Protocol (SNMP)
+ is an application layer protocol designed to facilitate the exchange
+ of management information between network devices. By using SNMP to
+ access management information data, such as packets per second sent on
+ an interface or number of open TCP connections, network administrators can more easily manage
+ network performance to find and solve network problems.</font><p>
+
+ <font face="Arial" size="2">Today, SNMP is the most popular protocol
+ for managing diverse commercial, university, and research
+ internetworks.</font></p>
+ <p>
+
+ <font face="Arial" size="2">Standardization activity continues even as
+ vendors develop and release state-of-the-art SNMP-based management
+ applications. SNMP is a simple protocol, yet its feature set is
+ sufficiently powerful to handle the difficult problems involved with
+ the management of heterogeneous networks.</font></p>
+ <p>
+
+ <font face="Arial" size="2">The organizational model for SNMP based network management includes
+ four elements:</font></p>
+ <ul>
+ <li>
+
+ <font face="Arial" size="2">Management station </font></li>
+ <li>
+
+ <font face="Arial" size="2">Management agent</font></li>
+ <li>
+
+ <font face="Arial" size="2">Management information base</font></li>
+ <li>
+
+ <font face="Arial" size="2">Network management protocol</font></li>
+ </ul>
+ <p>
+
+ <font size="2" face="Arial">The network management station (NMS) is
+ usually a standalone workstation, but it may be implemented over
+ several systems. It
+ includes a collection of software called the network management
+ application (NMA). The NMA includes a user interface to allow
+ authorized network managers to manage the network. It responds to user
+ commands and issued commands to management agents throughout the
+ network. The management agents are key network platforms and devices,
+ other hosts, routers, bridges and hubs, equipped with SNMP so that
+ they can be managed. They respond to requests for information and
+ requests for actions from the NMS, such as polling, and may provide the NMS
+ with important but unsolicited information, such as traps. All the management
+ information of a particular agent is stored in the management
+ information base on that agent. An agent might keep track of the
+ following:</font></p>
+ <ul>
+ <li>
+
+ <font face="Arial" size="2">Number and state of its virtual circuits</font></li>
+ <li>
+
+ <font face="Arial" size="2">Number of certain kinds of error messages
+ received</font></li>
+ <li>
+
+ <font face="Arial" size="2">Number of bytes and packets in and out of
+ the device</font></li>
+ <li>
+
+ <font face="Arial" size="2">Maximum output queue length, for routers
+ and other internetworking devices</font></li>
+ <li>
+
+ <font face="Arial" size="2">Broadcast messages sent and received</font></li>
+ <li>
+
+ <font face="Arial" size="2">Network interfaces going down and coming
+ up</font></li>
+ </ul>
+ <p>
+
+ <font face="Arial" size="2">The NMS performs a monitoring function by
+ retrieving the values from the MIB. The NMS can cause an action to
+ take place at an agent. The
+ communication between the manager and the agent is carried out by an
+ application layer network management protocol. SNMP uses User Datagram
+ Protocol (UDP) and communicates over ports 161 and 162. It is based on
+ an exchange of messages. There are three common message types:</font></p>
+ <ul>
+ <li>
+
+ <font face="Arial" size="2"><b>Get</b> – Enables the management station to retrieve the value of MIB
+ objects from the agent.</font></li>
+ <li>
+
+ <font face="Arial" size="2"><b>Set</b> – Enables the management station to set the value of MIB
+ objects at the agent.</font></li>
+ <li>
+
+ <font face="Arial" size="2"><b>Trap</b> – Enables the agent to notify
+ the management station of significant events.</font></li>
+ </ul>
+ <p>
+
+ <font face="Arial" size="2">This model is referred to as a two-tier model.
+ <img border="0" src="../../images/1.gif" align="absmiddle" width="12" height="12"> However, it assumes
+ that all network elements are manageable by SNMP. This is not always
+ the case, as some devices have a proprietary management interface. In
+ these cases, a three-tiered model is required.
+ <img border="0" src="../../images/2.gif" align="absmiddle" width="12" height="12"> A network manager
+ who wants to obtain information or control this proprietary node
+ communicates with a proxy agent. The proxy agent then translates the
+ manager’s SNMP request into a form appropriate to the target system and
+ uses whatever proprietary management protocol is appropriate to
+ communicate with the target system. Responses from the target to
+ the proxy are translated into SNMP messages and
+ communicated back to the manager. </font>
+ </p>
+ <p>
+
+ <font face="Arial" size="2">Network management applications often
+ offload some network management functionality to a remote monitor (RMON)
+ probe. The RMON probe gathers management information locally, and then
+ the network manager periodically retrieves a summary of this data.</font></p>
+ <p>
+
+ <font face="Arial" size="2">The NMS is an ordinary workstation, running a typical operating
+ system. <img border="0" src="../../images/3.gif" align="absmiddle" width="12" height="12"> It
+ has a large amount of RAM, to hold all the management
+ applications running at the same time. The manager runs a typical network
+ protocol stack, such as TCP/IP. The network management applications
+ rely on the host operating system, and on the communication
+ architecture. Examples of network management applications are
+ Ciscoworks2000, HP Openview, and SNMPv2c.</font></p>
+ <p>
+
+ <font face="Arial" size="2">As discussed before, the manager may be a standalone, centralized
+ workstation sending out queries to all agents, no matter where they
+ are located.
+ <img border="0" src="../../images/4.gif" align="absmiddle" width="12" height="12"> In a distributed network, a decentralized architecture is
+ more appropriate, with local NMS at each site. These distributed NMS
+ can act in a client-server architecture, in which one NMS acts as a
+ master server, and the others are clients. The clients send their data
+ to the master server for centralized storage.
+ <img border="0" src="../../images/5.gif" align="absmiddle" width="12" height="12"> An alternative
+ is that all distributed NMSs have equal responsibility, each with
+ their own manager databases, so the management information is
+ distributed over the peer NMSs.
+ <img border="0" src="../../images/6.gif" align="absmiddle" width="12" height="12"></font></p>
+ <p>
+ <TABLE bgcolor="#B0AFAF" width="95%" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0">
+ <TR>
+ <TD valign="top">
+ <TABLE bgcolor="#669999" width="100%" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" border="0">
+ <TR>
+ <TD width="5">
+ <img border="0" src="../../images/lab_toplft.gif" width="116" height="23"></TD>
+ <TD><IMG alt="" height="1" width="3" src="../../images/s.gif"></TD><TD align="right" valign="top">
+ <IMG alt="" src="../../images/corner_ur_7.gif" width="7" height="7"></TD>
+ </TR>
+ </TABLE>
+
+ <TABLE bgcolor="#B0AFAF" width="100%" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" border="0">
+ <TR>
+ <TD>
+ <TABLE width="100%" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" border="0" bordercolor="#111111">
+ <TR>
+ <TD bgcolor="#ffffff" width="15"> </TD>
+ <TD bgcolor="#ffffff"><font FACE="Arial" SIZE="2" COLOR="#000000">
+ <p><font color="#808080">
+ <img border="0" src="../../images/links_icon.gif" width="25" height="25">
+ <b>Web Links</b></font></p>
+ </font><font FACE="Arial" SIZE="2" COLOR="#808080">
+
+ <p>SNMP and MIB Basics<p>
+ <a target="_blank" href="http://www.adventnet.com/products/cagent/help/Preface/intro_snmpmib.html">
+ http://www.adventnet.com/products/
+ cagent/help/ Preface/ intro_snmpmib.html</a></font></p>
+
+ <p>
+ <IMG alt="" height="2" width="1" src="../../images/s.gif"></p>
+ </TD>
+ </TR>
+ </TABLE>
+ </TD>
+ </TR>
+ </TABLE>
+ </TD>
+ </TR>
+ </TABLE><p>
+
+ <font face="Arial" size="2"> </font>
+ </td>
+ </tr>
+ </table>
+
+</body>
+
+</html>
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+
+<head>
+
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+<title>Flash Graphic</title>
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+ image3on = new Image();
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+<base target="_self">
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+</head>
+
+<body bgcolor="#cccccc" topmargin="0" leftmargin="0" marginheight="0" marginwidth="0">
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+
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+ <tr>
+ <td bgcolor="#336666" width="18" valign="top">
+ <img border="0" src="../../images/content_lines.gif" width="16" height="25">
+ <img border="0" src="../../images/transdot.gif" width="2" height="1"></td>
+ <td bgcolor="#336666"><b><font face="Arial" size="2" color="#FFFFFF">6.2</b></font></td>
+ <td bgcolor="#336666"><img border="0" src="../../images/transdot.gif" width="10" height="1"></td>
+ <td bgcolor="#336666" width="100%"><strong><font size="2" color="#FFFFFF">
+ <span style="font-family: Arial">Network Management</span></font></strong></td>
+ <td width="9" bgcolor="#336666"> </td>
+ </tr>
+ <tr>
+ <td bgcolor="#669999" height="25" width="18"> </td>
+ <td bgcolor="#669999" height="25"><b>
+ <font face="Arial" size="2" color="#FFFFFF">6.2.5</font></b></td>
+ <td bgcolor="#669999"><img border="0" src="../../images/transdot.gif" width="10" height="1"></td>
+ <td bgcolor="#669999" height="25" width="100%"><strong>
+ <font face="Arial" size="2" color="#FFFFFF">Structure of management
+ information and MIBs</font></strong></td>
+ <td bgcolor="#669999" height="25" width="9"> </td>
+ </tr></table>
+
+<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="95%" bordercolor="#111111">
+ <tr>
+ <td width="15"></td>
+ <td>
+
+ <font face="Arial" size="2"> A management information base (MIB) is
+ used to store the structured information representing network elements
+ and their attributes. The structure itself is defined in a standard
+ called the structure of management information (SMI), which defines
+ the data types that can be used to store an object, how those objects
+ are named, and how they are encoded for transmission over a network.
+ <img border="0" src="../../images/1.gif" align="absmiddle" width="12" height="12"></font><p>
+
+ <font face="Arial" size="2"> MIBs are highly structured depositories
+ for information about a device. Many standard MIBs exist, but more
+ MIBs that are proprietary exist to uniquely manage different vendor’s
+ devices. The original SMI MIB was categorized into eight different
+ groups, totaling 114 managed objects. More groups were added to define
+ MIB-II, which now replaces MIB-I.</font></p>
+ <p>
+
+ <font face="Arial" size="2">All managed objects in the SNMP
+ environment are arranged in a hierarchical or tree structure. The leaf
+ objects of the tree, which are the elements that appear at the bottom
+ of the diagram, are the actual managed objects. Each managed object
+ represents some resource, activity or related information that is to
+ be managed. A unique object identifier, which is a number in dot
+ notation, identifies each managed object. Each object identifier is
+ described using abstract syntax notation (ASN.1).
+ <img border="0" src="../../images/2.gif" align="absmiddle" width="12" height="12"></font></p>
+ <p>
+
+ <font face="Arial" size="2"> SNMP uses these object identifiers to
+ identify the MIB variables to retrieve or modify. Objects that are in
+ the public domain are described in MIBs introduced in Request for
+ Comments (RFCs). They are readily accessible at:
+ <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ietf.org">http://www.ietf.org</a></font></p>
+ <p>
+
+ <font face="Arial" size="2"> All vendors are encouraged to make their
+ MIB definitions known. Once an assigned enterprise value has been
+ given, the vendor is responsible for creating and maintaining
+ sub-trees.</font></p>
+ <p>
+
+ <font face="Arial" size="2"> </font>
+ </td>
+ </tr>
+ </table>
+
+</body>
+
+</html>
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+
+<head>
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+<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=windows-1252">
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+<base target="_self">
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+<body background="../../images/bg.gif" topmargin="0" leftmargin="0" marginheight="0" marginwidth="0" onLoad="window.focus();" link="#808080" vlink="#808080" alink="#808080">
+
+<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="100%">
+ <tr>
+ <td bgcolor="#336666" width="18" valign="top">
+ <img border="0" src="../../images/content_lines.gif" width="16" height="25">
+ <img border="0" src="../../images/transdot.gif" width="2" height="1"></td>
+ <td bgcolor="#336666"><b><font face="Arial" size="2" color="#FFFFFF">6.2</b></font></td>
+ <td bgcolor="#336666"><img border="0" src="../../images/transdot.gif" width="10" height="1"></td>
+ <td bgcolor="#336666" width="100%"><strong><font size="2" color="#FFFFFF">
+ <span style="font-family: Arial">Network Management</span></font></strong></td>
+ <td width="9" bgcolor="#336666"> </td>
+ </tr>
+ <tr>
+ <td bgcolor="#669999" height="25" width="18"> </td>
+ <td bgcolor="#669999" height="25"><b>
+ <font face="Arial" size="2" color="#FFFFFF">6.2.6</font></b></td>
+ <td bgcolor="#669999"><img border="0" src="../../images/transdot.gif" width="10" height="1"></td>
+ <td bgcolor="#669999" height="25" width="100%"><strong>
+ <font face="Arial" size="2" color="#FFFFFF">SNMP protocol</font></strong></td>
+ <td bgcolor="#669999" height="25" width="9"> </td>
+ </tr></table>
+
+<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="95%" bordercolor="#111111">
+ <tr>
+ <td width="15"></td>
+ <td>
+
+ <font face="Arial" size="2">The agent is a software function embedded
+ in most networked devices, such as routers, switches, managed hubs,
+ printers, and servers.
+ <img border="0" src="../../images/1.gif" align="absmiddle" width="12" height="12">
+ It is responsible for processing SNMP requests from the manager. It is
+ also responsible for the execution of routines that maintain variables
+ as defined in the various supported MIBs.</font><p>
+
+ <font face="Arial" size="2"> Interaction between the manager and the
+ agent is facilitated by the Simple Network Management Protocol (SNMP).
+ The term simple comes from the restricted number of message types that
+ are part of the initial protocol specification. The strategy was
+ designed to make it easier for developers to build management
+ capabilities into network devices. The initial protocol specification
+ is referred to as SNMPv1 (version 1).</font></p>
+ <p>
+
+ <font size="2" face="Arial">There are three types of SNMP messages
+ issued on behalf of an NMS. They are GetRequest, GetNextRequest and
+ SetRequest.
+ <img border="0" src="../../images/2.gif" align="absmiddle" width="12" height="12">
+ All three messages are acknowledged by the agent in the form of a
+ GetResponse message. An agent may issue a Trap message in
+ response to an event that affects the MIB and the underlying
+ resources.</font></p>
+ <p>
+
+ <font face="Arial" size="2">The development of SNMPv2c addressed
+ limitations in SNMPv1. The most noticeable enhancements were the
+ introduction of the GetBulkRequest message type and the addition of
+ 64-bit counters to the MIB. Retrieving information with GetRequest and
+ GetNextRequest was an inefficient method of collecting information.
+ Only one variable at a time could be solicited with SNMPv1. The
+ GetBulkRequest addresses this weakness by receiving more information
+ with a single request. Secondly, the 64-bit counters addressed the
+ issue of counters rolling over too quickly, especially with higher
+ speed links like Gigabit Ethernet.</font></p>
+ <p>
+
+ <font face="Arial" size="2">The management entity is also referred to
+ as the manager or network management station (NMS).
+ <img border="0" src="../../images/3.gif" align="absmiddle" width="12" height="12">
+ It is responsible for soliciting information from the agent. The
+ solicitations are based on very specific requests. The manager
+ processes the retrieved information in a number of ways. The retrieved
+ information can be logged for later analysis, displayed using a
+ graphing utility, or compared with preconfigured values to test if a
+ particular condition has been met.</font></p>
+ <p>
+
+ <font face="Arial" size="2"> Not all manager functions are based on
+ data retrieval. There is also the ability to issue changes of a value
+ in the managed device. This feature enables an administrator to
+ configure a managed device using SNMP.</font></p>
+ <p>
+
+ <font face="Arial" size="2">The interaction between the manager and
+ the managed device does introduce traffic to the network. Caution
+ should be taken when introducing managers on to the network.
+ Aggressive monitoring strategies can negatively affect network
+ performance. Bandwidth utilizations will go up, which may be an issue
+ for WAN environments. Also, monitoring has a performance impact on the
+ devices being monitored, since they are required to process the
+ manager requests. This
+ processing should not take precedence over production services.</font></p>
+ <p>
+
+ <font face="Arial" size="2"> A general rule is that a minimum amount
+ of information should be polled as infrequently as possible.
+ Determine which devices and links are most critical and
+ what type of data is required.</font></p>
+ <p>
+
+ <font face="Arial" size="2"> SNMP uses UDP as a transport protocol.
+ Since UDP is connectionless and unreliable, it is possible for SNMP to
+ lose messages. SNMP itself has no provision for guarantee of delivery,
+ so it is up to the application using SNMP to cope with lost messages.</font></p>
+ <p>
+
+ <font face="Arial" size="2">Each SNMP message contains a cleartext
+ string, called a community string. The community string is used like a
+ password to restrict access to managed devices.
+ <img border="0" src="../../images/4.gif" align="absmiddle" width="12" height="12"> SNMPv3
+
+ has addressed the security concerns raised by tranmitting
+ the community string in cleartext.</font></p>
+ <p>
+
+ <font face="Arial" size="2"> An example of what the SNMPv2c message
+ looks like is illustrated in Figure
+ <img border="0" src="../../images/5.gif" align="absmiddle" width="12" height="12">. A
+ detailed presentation of the protocol can be found in the Internet
+ standard RFC1905.</font></p>
+ <p>
+
+ <font face="Arial" size="2"> The fact that the community string is
+ cleartext is no surprise to anyone who has studied the Internet
+ Protocol (IP) protocol suite. All fields specified in the protocol
+ suite are cleartext, except for security authentication and encryption
+ specifications.</font></p>
+ <p>
+
+ <font face="Arial" size="2"> The community string was essentially a security placeholder until the
+ SNMPv2 working group could ratify security mechanisms. The efforts
+ were referred to the SNMPv3 working group. All SNMP-based management applications need to be configured to use the
+ appropriate community strings. Some organizations
+ frequently change the community string values to reduce the risk of
+ malicious activity from the unauthorized use of the SNMP service.</font></p>
+ <p>
+
+ <font face="Arial" size="2"> In spite of the weakness associated with
+ community-based authentication, management strategies are still based
+ on SNMPv1. Cisco devices do support SNMPv3 message types and
+ the increased security capabilities, but most management
+ software applications do not support SNMPv3.
+ <img border="0" src="../../images/6.gif" align="absmiddle" width="12" height="12"></font></p>
+ <p>
+
+ <font face="Arial" size="2"> SNMPv3 supports the concurrent existence
+ of multiple security models.
+ <img border="0" src="../../images/7.gif" align="absmiddle" width="12" height="12"></font></p>
+ <p>
+
+ <font face="Arial" size="2"> </font>
+ </td>
+ </tr>
+ </table>
+
+</body>
+
+</html>
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+
+<head>
+<meta http-equiv="Content-Language" content="en-us">
+<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=windows-1252">
+<title>Content</title>
+<base target="_self">
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+
+<body background="../../images/bg.gif" topmargin="0" leftmargin="0" marginheight="0" marginwidth="0" onLoad="window.focus();" link="#808080" vlink="#808080" alink="#808080">
+
+<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="100%">
+ <tr>
+ <td bgcolor="#336666" width="18" valign="top">
+ <img border="0" src="../../images/content_lines.gif" width="16" height="25">
+ <img border="0" src="../../images/transdot.gif" width="2" height="1"></td>
+ <td bgcolor="#336666"><b><font face="Arial" size="2" color="#FFFFFF">6.2</b></font></td>
+ <td bgcolor="#336666"><img border="0" src="../../images/transdot.gif" width="10" height="1"></td>
+ <td bgcolor="#336666" width="100%"><strong><font size="2" color="#FFFFFF">
+ <span style="font-family: Arial">Network Management</span></font></strong></td>
+ <td width="9" bgcolor="#336666"> </td>
+ </tr>
+ <tr>
+ <td bgcolor="#669999" height="25" width="18"> </td>
+ <td bgcolor="#669999" height="25"><b>
+ <font face="Arial" size="2" color="#FFFFFF">6.2.7</font></b></td>
+ <td bgcolor="#669999"><img border="0" src="../../images/transdot.gif" width="10" height="1"></td>
+ <td bgcolor="#669999" height="25" width="100%"><strong>
+ <font face="Arial" size="2" color="#FFFFFF">Configuring SNMP </font>
+ </strong></td>
+ <td bgcolor="#669999" height="25" width="9"> </td>
+ </tr></table>
+
+<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="95%" bordercolor="#111111">
+ <tr>
+ <td width="15"></td>
+ <td>
+
+ <font face="Arial" size="2"> In order to have the NMS communicate with
+ networked devices, the devices must have SNMP enabled and the SNMP
+ community strings configured. These devices are configured using the
+ command line syntax described in the following paragraphs.</font><p>
+
+ <font face="Arial" size="2"> More than one read-only string is
+ supported. The default on most systems for this community string is
+ public. It is not advisable to use the default value in an enterprise
+ network. To set the read-only community string used by the agent, use
+ the following command:
+ <img border="0" src="../../images/1.gif" align="absmiddle" width="12" height="12"></font></p>
+ <blockquote>
+ <p>
+
+ <font face="Courier New" size="2"> Router(config)#<b>snmp-server
+ community</b> <i>string</i> <b>ro</b></font></p>
+ </blockquote>
+ <ul>
+ <li><i>
+
+ <font face="Courier New" size="2"> String</font></i><font face="Arial" size="2">
+ – Community string that acts like a password and permits access to
+ the SNMP protocol</font></li>
+ <li>
+
+ <font face="Courier New" size="2"> <b>ro</b></font><font face="Arial" size="2">
+ – (Optional) Specifies read-only access. Authorized management
+ stations are only able to retrieve MIB objects.</font></li>
+ </ul>
+ <p>
+
+ <font face="Arial" size="2"> More than one read-write string is
+ supported. All SNMP objects are available for write access. The
+ default on most systems for this community string is private. It is
+ not advisable to use this value in an enterprise network. To set the
+ read-write community string used by the agent, use the following
+ command:</font></p>
+ <blockquote>
+ <p>
+
+ <font face="Courier New" size="2"> Router(config)#<b>snmp-server
+ community</b> <i>string</i> <b>rw</b></font></p>
+ </blockquote>
+ <ul>
+ <li>
+
+ <font face="Courier New" size="2"> <b>rw</b></font><font face="Arial" size="2">
+ – (Optional) Specifies read-write access. Authorized management
+ stations are able to both retrieve and modify MIB objects</font></li>
+ </ul>
+ <p><font face="Arial" size="2">There are several strings that can be used to specify location of
+ the managed device and the main system contact for the device.</font></p>
+ <blockquote>
+ <p>
+
+ <font face="Courier New" size="2"> Router(config)#<b>snmp-server
+ location</b> <i>text</i> <br>
+ Router(config)#<b>snmp-server contact</b> <i>text</i> </font></p>
+ </blockquote>
+ <ul>
+ <li>
+
+ <font face="Courier New" size="2"> <i>text</i><b> </b></font>
+
+ <font face="Arial" size="2"> – String that describes the system
+ location information</font></li>
+ </ul>
+ <p>
+
+ <font face="Arial" size="2"> These values are stored in the MIB
+ objects </font><i>
+
+ <font face="Courier New" size="2"> sysLocation</font></i><font face="Arial" size="2">
+ and </font><i>
+
+ <font face="Courier New" size="2"> sysContact</font></i><font face="Arial" size="2">.</font></p>
+ <p>
+ <TABLE bgcolor="#B0AFAF" width="95%" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0">
+ <TR>
+ <TD valign="top">
+ <TABLE bgcolor="#669999" width="100%" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" border="0">
+ <TR>
+ <TD width="5">
+ <img border="0" src="../../images/lab_toplft.gif" width="116" height="23"></TD>
+ <TD><IMG alt="" height="1" width="3" src="../../images/s.gif"></TD><TD align="right" valign="top">
+ <IMG alt="" src="../../images/corner_ur_7.gif" width="7" height="7"></TD>
+ </TR>
+ </TABLE>
+
+ <TABLE bgcolor="#B0AFAF" width="100%" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" border="0">
+ <TR>
+ <TD>
+ <TABLE width="100%" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" border="0" bordercolor="#111111">
+ <TR>
+ <TD bgcolor="#ffffff" width="15"> </TD>
+ <TD bgcolor="#ffffff"><font FACE="Arial" SIZE="2" COLOR="#000000">
+ <p><font color="#808080">
+ <img border="0" src="../../images/links_icon.gif" width="25" height="25">
+ <b>Web Links</b></font></p>
+ </font><font FACE="Arial" SIZE="2" COLOR="#808080">
+
+ <p>Configuring SNMP<p>
+ <a target="_blank" href="http://www.cisco.com/en/US/products/hw/switches/ps628/products_configuration_guide_chapter09186a00800d84c7.html">
+ http://www.cisco.com/en/US/products/hw/ switches/ps628/products_configuration_ uide_chapter09186a00800d84c7.html</a></font></p>
+
+ <p>
+ <IMG alt="" height="2" width="1" src="../../images/s.gif"></p>
+ </TD>
+ </TR>
+ </TABLE>
+ </TD>
+ </TR>
+ </TABLE>
+ </TD>
+ </TR>
+ </TABLE><p>
+
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+ </td>
+ </tr>
+ </table>
+
+</body>
+
+</html>
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+
+<head>
+<meta http-equiv="Content-Language" content="en-us">
+<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=windows-1252">
+<title>Content</title>
+<base target="_self">
+</head>
+
+<body background="../../images/bg.gif" topmargin="0" leftmargin="0" marginheight="0" marginwidth="0" onLoad="window.focus();" link="#808080" vlink="#808080" alink="#808080">
+
+<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="100%">
+ <tr>
+ <td bgcolor="#336666" width="18" valign="top">
+ <img border="0" src="../../images/content_lines.gif" width="16" height="25">
+ <img border="0" src="../../images/transdot.gif" width="2" height="1"></td>
+ <td bgcolor="#336666"><b><font face="Arial" size="2" color="#FFFFFF">6.2</b></font></td>
+ <td bgcolor="#336666"><img border="0" src="../../images/transdot.gif" width="10" height="1"></td>
+ <td bgcolor="#336666" width="100%"><strong><font size="2" color="#FFFFFF">
+ <span style="font-family: Arial">Network Management</span></font></strong><b><font face="Arial" size="2" color="#FFFFFF"> </font></b></td>
+ <td width="9" bgcolor="#336666"> </td>
+ </tr>
+ <tr>
+ <td bgcolor="#669999" height="25" width="18"> </td>
+ <td bgcolor="#669999" height="25"><b>
+ <font face="Arial" size="2" color="#FFFFFF">6.2.8</font></b></td>
+ <td bgcolor="#669999"><img border="0" src="../../images/transdot.gif" width="10" height="1"></td>
+ <td bgcolor="#669999" height="25" width="100%"><strong>
+ <font face="Arial" size="2" color="#FFFFFF">RMON</font></strong></td>
+ <td bgcolor="#669999" height="25" width="9"> </td>
+ </tr></table>
+
+<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="95%" bordercolor="#111111">
+ <tr>
+ <td width="15"></td>
+ <td>
+
+ <font face="Arial" size="2"> RMON is a major step forward in
+ Internetwork management. It defines a remote monitoring MIB that
+ supplements MIB-II and provides the network manager with vital
+ information about the network. The remarkable feature of RMON is that
+ while it is simply a specification of a MIB, with no changes in the
+ underlying SNMP protocol, it provides a significant expansion in SNMP
+ functionality.
+ <img border="0" src="../../images/1.gif" align="absmiddle" width="12" height="12"></font><p>
+
+ <font face="Arial" size="2"> With MIB-II, the network manager can
+ obtain information that is purely local to individual devices.
+ <img border="0" src="../../images/2.gif" align="absmiddle" width="12" height="12"> Consider a
+ LAN with a number of devices on it, each with an SNMP agent. An SNMP
+ manager can learn of the amount of traffic into and out of each
+ device, but with MIB-II it cannot easily learn about the traffic on
+ the LAN as a whole.</font></p>
+ <p>
+
+ <font face="Arial" size="2">Network management in an internetworked
+ environment typically requires one monitor per subnetwork.</font></p>
+ <p>
+
+ <font face="Arial" size="2"> The RMON standard originally designated
+ as IETF RFC 1271, now RFC 1757, was designed to provide proactive
+ monitoring and diagnostics for distributed LAN-based networks.
+ Monitoring devices, called agents or probes, on critical network
+ segments allow for user-defined alarms to be created and a wealth of
+ vital statistics to be gathered by analyzing every frame on a segment.</font></p>
+ <p>
+
+ <font face="Arial" size="2"> The RMON standard divides monitoring
+ functions into nine groups to support Ethernet topologies and adds a
+ tenth group in RFC 1513 for Token Ring-unique parameters. The RMON
+ standard was crafted to be deployed as a distributed computing
+ architecture, where the agents and probes communicate with a central
+ management station, a client, using Simple Network Management Protocol
+ (SNMP). These agents have defined SNMP MIB structures for all nine or
+ ten Ethernet or Token Ring RMON groups, allowing interoperability
+ between vendors of RMON-based diagnostic tools. The RMON groups are
+ defined as:
+ <img border="0" src="../../images/3.gif" align="absmiddle" width="12" height="12"></font></p>
+ <ul>
+ <li>
+
+ <font face="Arial" size="2"> <b>Statistics group</b> – Maintains
+ utilization and error statistics for the subnetwork or segment being
+ monitored. Examples are bandwidth utilization, broadcast, multicast, CRC
+ alignment, fragments, and so on.</font></li>
+ <li>
+
+ <font face="Arial" size="2"> <b>History group</b> – Holds periodic
+ statistical samples from the statistics group and stores them for
+ later retrieval. Examples are utilization, error count, and packet
+ count.</font></li>
+ <li>
+
+ <font face="Arial" size="2"> <b>Alarm group</b> – Allows the
+ administrator to set a sampling interval and threshold for any item
+ recorded by the agent. Examples are absolute or relative values and
+ rising or falling thresholds.</font></li>
+ <li>
+
+ <font face="Arial" size="2"> <b>Host group</b> – Defines the
+ measurement of various types of traffic to and from hosts attached
+ to the network. Examples are packets sent or received, bytes
+ sent or received, errors, and broadcast and multicast packets.</font></li>
+ <li>
+
+ <font face="Arial" size="2"> <b>Host TopN group</b> – Provides a
+ report of TopN hosts based on host group statistics.</font></li>
+ <li>
+
+ <font face="Arial" size="2"> <b>Traffic matrix group</b> – Stores
+ errors and utilization statistics for pairs of communicating nodes
+ of the network. Examples are errors, bytes, and packets.</font></li>
+ <li>
+
+ <font face="Arial" size="2"> <b>Filter group</b> – A filter engine
+ that generates a packet stream from frames that match the pattern
+ specified by the user. </font></li>
+ <li>
+
+ <font face="Arial" size="2"> <b>Packet capture group</b> – Defines how
+ packets that match filter criteria are buffered internally.</font></li>
+ <li>
+
+ <font face="Arial" size="2"> <b>Event group</b> – Allows the logging
+ of events, also called generated traps, to the manager, together with time and
+ date. Examples are customized reports based upon the type of alarm.</font></li>
+ </ul>
+ <TABLE bgcolor="#B0AFAF" width="95%" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0">
+ <TR>
+ <TD valign="top">
+ <TABLE bgcolor="#669999" width="100%" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" border="0">
+ <TR>
+ <TD width="5">
+ <img border="0" src="../../images/lab_toplft.gif" width="116" height="23"></TD>
+ <TD><IMG alt="" height="1" width="3" src="../../images/s.gif"></TD><TD align="right" valign="top">
+ <IMG alt="" src="../../images/corner_ur_7.gif" width="7" height="7"></TD>
+ </TR>
+ </TABLE>
+
+ <TABLE bgcolor="#B0AFAF" width="100%" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" border="0">
+ <TR>
+ <TD>
+ <TABLE width="100%" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" border="0" bordercolor="#111111">
+ <TR>
+ <TD bgcolor="#ffffff" width="15"> </TD>
+ <TD bgcolor="#ffffff"><font FACE="Arial" SIZE="2" COLOR="#000000">
+ <p><font color="#808080">
+ <a href="javascript:void(0)" onClick="window.open('../../activities/ch06/activity_6_2_8.html','Interactivity','width=740,height=390,toolbar=0,resizable=yes,scrollbars=0,screenX=26,screenY=38,left=26,top=38');">
+ <img border="0" src="../../images/media_icon.gif" width="25" height="25"></a> <b>
+ <a onClick="window.open('../../activities/ch06/activity_6_2_8.html','Interactivity','width=740,height=390,toolbar=0,resizable=yes,scrollbars=0,screenX=26,screenY=38,left=26,top=38');" href="javascript:void(0)">Interactive Media Activity</a></b></font></p>
+ </font><font FACE="Arial" SIZE="2" COLOR="#808080">
+ <p>Matching: RMON Matching Activity</p>
+ <p>When the student has completed this activity, the student
+ will be able to understand how RMON operates and its terms and
+ definitions.</p>
+ </font><font FACE="Arial" SIZE="2" COLOR="#000000">
+ <p><IMG alt="" height="2" width="1" src="../../images/s.gif"></p></TD>
+ </TR>
+ </TABLE>
+ </TD>
+ </TR>
+ </TABLE>
+ </TD>
+ </TR>
+ </TABLE>
+
+
+
+
+ <TABLE bgcolor="#B0AFAF" width="95%" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0">
+ <TR>
+ <TD valign="top">
+ <TABLE bgcolor="#669999" width="100%" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" border="0">
+ <TR>
+ <TD width="5">
+ <img border="0" src="../../images/lab_toplft.gif" width="116" height="23"></TD>
+ <TD><IMG alt="" height="1" width="3" src="../../images/s.gif"></TD><TD align="right" valign="top">
+ <IMG alt="" src="../../images/corner_ur_7.gif" width="7" height="7"></TD>
+ </TR>
+ </TABLE>
+
+ <TABLE bgcolor="#B0AFAF" width="100%" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" border="0">
+ <TR>
+ <TD>
+ <TABLE width="100%" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" border="0" bordercolor="#111111">
+ <TR>
+ <TD bgcolor="#ffffff" width="15"> </TD>
+ <TD bgcolor="#ffffff"><font FACE="Arial" SIZE="2" COLOR="#000000">
+ <p><font color="#808080">
+ <img border="0" src="../../images/links_icon.gif" width="25" height="25">
+ <b>Web Links</b></font></p>
+ </font><font FACE="Arial" SIZE="2" COLOR="#808080">
+
+ <p>RMON<p>
+ <a target="_blank" href="http://www.cisco.com/en/US/tech/tk648/tk362/tk560/tech_protocol_home.html">
+ http://www.cisco.com/en/US/tech/tk648/ tk362/tk560/tech_protocol_
+ home.html</a></font></p>
+
+ <p>
+ <IMG alt="" height="2" width="1" src="../../images/s.gif"></p>
+ </TD>
+ </TR>
+ </TABLE>
+ </TD>
+ </TR>
+ </TABLE>
+ </TD>
+ </TR>
+ </TABLE><p>
+
+ <font face="Arial" size="2"> </font></p>
+ </td>
+ </tr>
+ </table>
+
+</body>
+
+</html>
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/Bachelor/CCNA4/en_CCNA4_v30/ch6/6_2_8/index.html b/Bachelor/CCNA4/en_CCNA4_v30/ch6/6_2_8/index.html new file mode 100644 index 0000000..f6628ba --- /dev/null +++ b/Bachelor/CCNA4/en_CCNA4_v30/ch6/6_2_8/index.html @@ -0,0 +1,29 @@ +<html>
+
+<head>
+
+<title>Cisco Global Learning Network</title>
+<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=windows-1252">
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+
+ </body>
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+
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+
+<head>
+
+
+
+<title>Flash Graphic</title>
+</head>
+
+<body bgcolor="#FFFFFF" topmargin="1" leftmargin="1">
+<OBJECT classid="clsid:D27CDB6E-AE6D-11cf-96B8-444553540000"
+ codebase="http://download.macromedia.com/pub/shockwave/cabs/flash/swflash.cab#version=6,0,0,0"
+ WIDTH="100%" HEIGHT="100%">
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+
+
+
+</body>
+
+</html>
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+
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+
+
+
+<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=windows-1252">
+<meta http-equiv="Content-Language" content="en-us">
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+ if (document.images) {
+ for (var i=0; i<changeImages.arguments.length; i+=2) {
+ document[changeImages.arguments[i]].src = eval(changeImages.arguments[i+1] + ".src");
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+}
+
+// -->
+</script>
+
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+<base target="_self">
+
+
+</head>
+
+<body bgcolor="#cccccc" topmargin="0" leftmargin="0" marginheight="0" marginwidth="0">
+
+<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" height="48" width="100%" style="border-collapse: collapse" bordercolor="#111111">
+ <tr>
+ <td bgcolor="#336666" width="100%" height="48" align="right"><font color="#FFFFFF" size="2" face="Arial"><b> </b></font>
+ <img name="hint" border="0" src="../../images/menu_up.gif" width="136" height="19"></td>
+ <td bgcolor="#336666" align="left" height="48"><a onMouseOver="changeImages('image1', 'image1on'); changeImages('hint', 'image1hint');" onMouseOut="changeImages('image1', 'image1off'); changeImages('hint', 'imageHint');" href="javascript:openIndex('ch6');">
+ <img name="image1" border="0" src="../../images/index_up.gif" width="31" height="48"></a></td>
+ <td bgcolor="#336666" align="left" height="48"><a onMouseOver="changeImages('image5', 'image5on'); changeImages('hint', 'image5hint');" onMouseOut="changeImages('image5', 'image5off'); changeImages('hint', 'imageHint');" href="javascript:openQuiz('ch06');">
+ <img name="image5" border="0" src="../../images/quiz_up.gif" width="31" height="48"></a></td>
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+ <td bgcolor="#336666" valign="middle" align="left" height="48">
+ <a target="main" onMouseOver="changeImages('image3', 'image3on'); changeImages('hint', 'image3hint');" onMouseOut="changeImages('image3', 'image3off'); changeImages('hint', 'imageHint');" href="../6_2_8/index.html">
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+ <td height="48"><img border="0" src="../../images/menu_bar.gif" width="15" height="48"></td>
+ </tr>
+</table>
+
+</html>
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+
+<head>
+<meta http-equiv="Content-Language" content="en-us">
+<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=windows-1252">
+<title>Content</title>
+<base target="_self">
+</head>
+
+<body background="../../images/bg.gif" topmargin="0" leftmargin="0" marginheight="0" marginwidth="0" onLoad="window.focus();" link="#808080" vlink="#808080" alink="#808080">
+
+<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="100%">
+ <tr>
+ <td bgcolor="#336666" width="18" valign="top">
+ <img border="0" src="../../images/content_lines.gif" width="16" height="25">
+ <img border="0" src="../../images/transdot.gif" width="2" height="1"></td>
+ <td bgcolor="#336666"><b><font face="Arial" size="2" color="#FFFFFF">6.2</b></font></td>
+ <td bgcolor="#336666"><img border="0" src="../../images/transdot.gif" width="10" height="1"></td>
+ <td bgcolor="#336666" width="100%"><strong><font size="2" color="#FFFFFF">
+ <span style="font-family: Arial">Network Management</span></font></strong></td>
+ <td width="9" bgcolor="#336666"> </td>
+ </tr>
+ <tr>
+ <td bgcolor="#669999" height="25" width="18"> </td>
+ <td bgcolor="#669999" height="25"><b>
+ <font face="Arial" size="2" color="#FFFFFF">6.2.9</font></b></td>
+ <td bgcolor="#669999"><img border="0" src="../../images/transdot.gif" width="10" height="1"></td>
+ <td bgcolor="#669999" height="25" width="100%"><strong>
+ <font face="Arial" size="2" color="#FFFFFF">Syslog</font></strong></td>
+ <td bgcolor="#669999" height="25" width="9"> </td>
+ </tr></table>
+
+<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="95%" bordercolor="#111111">
+ <tr>
+ <td width="15"></td>
+ <td>
+
+ <font face="Arial" size="2"> The Cisco syslog logging utility is based
+ on the UNIX syslog utility. System events are usually logged to the
+ system console unless disabled. The syslog utility is a mechanism for
+ applications, processes, and the operating system of Cisco devices to
+ report activity and error conditions. The syslog protocol is used
+ to allow Cisco devices to issue these unsolicited messages to a
+ network management station.</font><p>
+
+ <font face="Arial" size="2">Every syslog message logged is associated
+ with a timestamp, a facility, a severity, and a textual log message.
+ These messages are sometimes the only means of gaining insight into
+ some device misbehaviors.</font></p>
+ <p>
+
+ <font face="Arial" size="2"> Severity level indicates the critical
+ nature of the error message.
+ <img border="0" src="../../images/1.gif" align="absmiddle" width="12" height="12"> There are
+ eight levels of severity, 0-7, with level 0 (zero) being the most critical,
+ and level 7 the least critical. The levels are as
+ follows:</font></p>
+ <blockquote>
+ <table border="0" cellpadding="2" bordercolor="#111111" width="80%" height="198">
+ <tr>
+ <td width="5%" height="19"><font size="2" face="Arial">0</font></td>
+ <td width="95%" height="19">
+
+ <font face="Arial" size="2">
+ Emergencies</font></td>
+ </tr>
+ <tr>
+ <td width="5%" height="19"><font face="Arial" size="2">1</font></td>
+ <td width="95%" height="19">
+
+ <font face="Arial" size="2">
+ Alerts</font></td>
+ </tr>
+ <tr>
+ <td width="5%" height="19"><font face="Arial" size="2">2</font></td>
+ <td width="95%" height="19">
+
+ <font face="Arial" size="2">
+ Critical</font></td>
+ </tr>
+ <tr>
+ <td width="5%" height="17"><font face="Arial" size="2">3</font></td>
+ <td width="95%" height="17">
+
+ <font face="Arial" size="2">
+ Errors</font></td>
+ </tr>
+ <tr>
+ <td width="5%" height="19"><font face="Arial" size="2">4</font></td>
+ <td width="95%" height="19">
+
+ <font face="Arial" size="2">
+ Warnings</font></td>
+ </tr>
+ <tr>
+ <td width="5%" height="19"><font face="Arial" size="2">5</font></td>
+ <td width="95%" height="19">
+
+ <font face="Arial" size="2">
+ Notifications</font></td>
+ </tr>
+ <tr>
+ <td width="5%" height="19"><font face="Arial" size="2">6</font></td>
+ <td width="95%" height="19">
+
+ <font face="Arial" size="2">
+ Informational</font></td>
+ </tr>
+ <tr>
+ <td width="5%" height="19"><font face="Arial" size="2">7</font></td>
+ <td width="95%" height="19">
+
+ <font face="Arial" size="2">
+ Debugging</font></td>
+ </tr>
+ </table>
+
+ </blockquote>
+ <p>
+
+ <font face="Arial" size="2"> The facility and severity level fields
+ are used for processing the messages. Level 0 (zero) to level 7 are facility
+ types provided for custom log message processing. The Cisco IOS defaults to
+ severity level 6.This setting is configurable.</font></p>
+ <p>
+
+ <font face="Arial" size="2">In order to have the NMS receive and
+ record system messages from a device, the device must have syslog
+ configured.
+ <img border="0" src="../../images/2.gif" align="absmiddle" width="12" height="12"> Below is a review of the command line syntax on
+ how to configure these devices.</font></p>
+ <p>
+
+ <font face="Arial" size="2"> To enable logging to all supported
+ destinations:</font></p>
+ <blockquote>
+ <p>
+
+ <font face="Courier New" size="2"> Router(config)#<b>logging on</b></font></p>
+ </blockquote>
+ <p>
+
+ <font face="Arial" size="2"> To send log messages to a syslog server
+ host, such as CiscoWorks2000: </font></p>
+ <blockquote>
+ <p>
+
+ <font face="Courier New" size="2"> Router(config)#<b>logging</b> <i>hostname</i> |
+ <i>ip
+ address</i></font></p>
+ </blockquote>
+ <p>
+
+ <font face="Arial" size="2"> To set logging severity level to level 6,
+ informational:</font></p>
+ <blockquote>
+ <p>
+
+ <font face="Courier New" size="2"> Router(config)#<b>logging trap informational</b></font></p>
+ </blockquote>
+ <p>
+
+ <font face="Arial" size="2"> To include timestamp with syslog message:</font></p>
+ <blockquote>
+ <p>
+
+ <font face="Courier New" size="2"> Router(config)#<b>service timestamps log datetime</b></font></p>
+ </blockquote>
+ <p>
+ <TABLE bgcolor="#B0AFAF" width="95%" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0">
+ <TR>
+ <TD valign="top">
+ <TABLE bgcolor="#669999" width="100%" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" border="0">
+ <TR>
+ <TD width="5">
+ <img border="0" src="../../images/lab_toplft.gif" width="116" height="23"></TD>
+ <TD><IMG alt="" height="1" width="3" src="../../images/s.gif"></TD><TD align="right" valign="top">
+ <IMG alt="" src="../../images/corner_ur_7.gif" width="7" height="7"></TD>
+ </TR>
+ </TABLE>
+
+ <TABLE bgcolor="#B0AFAF" width="100%" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" border="0">
+ <TR>
+ <TD>
+ <TABLE width="100%" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" border="0" bordercolor="#111111">
+ <TR>
+ <TD bgcolor="#ffffff" width="15"> </TD>
+ <TD bgcolor="#ffffff"><font FACE="Arial" SIZE="2" COLOR="#000000">
+ <p><font color="#808080">
+ <img border="0" src="../../images/links_icon.gif" width="25" height="25">
+ <b>Web Links</b></font></p>
+ </font><font FACE="Arial" SIZE="2" COLOR="#808080">
+
+ <p>Syslog<p>
+ <a target="_blank" href="http://www.cisco.com/en/US/tech/tk648/tk362/tk790/tech_protocol_home.html">
+ http://www.cisco.com/en/US/tech/tk648/ tk362/tk790/tech_protocol_
+ home.html</a></font></p>
+
+ <p>
+ <IMG alt="" height="2" width="1" src="../../images/s.gif"></p>
+ </TD>
+ </TR>
+ </TABLE>
+ </TD>
+ </TR>
+ </TABLE>
+ </TD>
+ </TR>
+ </TABLE><p>
+
+ <font face="Arial" size="2"> </font>
+ </td>
+ </tr>
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