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+// Fig. 3.12: fig03_12.cpp
+// A scoping example.
+#include <iostream>
+
+using std::cout;
+using std::endl;
+
+void useLocal( void );        // function prototype
+void useStaticLocal( void );  // function prototype
+void useGlobal( void );       // function prototype
+
+int x = 1;      // global variable
+
+int main()
+{
+   int x = 5;   // local variable to main
+
+   cout << "local x in main's outer scope is " << x << endl;
+
+   { // start new scope
+     
+      int x = 7;
+
+      cout << "local x in main's inner scope is " << x << endl;
+
+   } // end new scope
+
+   cout << "local x in main's outer scope is " << x << endl;
+
+   useLocal();       // useLocal has local x
+   useStaticLocal(); // useStaticLocal has static local x
+   useGlobal();      // useGlobal uses global x
+   useLocal();       // useLocal reinitializes its local x
+   useStaticLocal(); // static local x retains its prior value
+   useGlobal();      // global x also retains its value
+
+   cout << "\nlocal x in main is " << x << endl;
+
+   return 0;  // indicates successful termination
+
+} // end main
+
+// useLocal reinitializes local variable x during each call
+void useLocal( void )
+{
+   int x = 25;  // initialized each time useLocal is called
+
+   cout << endl << "local x is " << x 
+        << " on entering useLocal" << endl;
+   ++x;
+   cout << "local x is " << x 
+        << " on exiting useLocal" << endl;
+
+} // end function useLocal
+
+// useStaticLocal initializes static local variable x only the
+// first time the function is called; value of x is saved
+// between calls to this function
+void useStaticLocal( void )
+{
+   // initialized first time useStaticLocal is called.
+   static int x = 50;  
+
+   cout << endl << "local static x is " << x 
+        << " on entering useStaticLocal" << endl;
+   ++x; 
+   cout << "local static x is " << x 
+        << " on exiting useStaticLocal" << endl;
+
+} // end function useStaticLocal
+
+// useGlobal modifies global variable x during each call
+void useGlobal( void )
+{
+   cout << endl << "global x is " << x 
+        << " on entering useGlobal" << endl;
+   x *= 10;
+   cout << "global x is " << x 
+        << " on exiting useGlobal" << endl;
+   
+} // end function useGlobal
+
+/**************************************************************************
+ * (C) Copyright 1992-2003 by Deitel & Associates, Inc. and Prentice      *
+ * Hall. All Rights Reserved.                                             *
+ *                                                                        *
+ * DISCLAIMER: The authors and publisher of this book have used their     *
+ * best efforts in preparing the book. These efforts include the          *
+ * development, research, and testing of the theories and programs        *
+ * to determine their effectiveness. The authors and publisher make       *
+ * no warranty of any kind, expressed or implied, with regard to these    *
+ * programs or to the documentation contained in these books. The authors *
+ * and publisher shall not be liable in any event for incidental or       *
+ * consequential damages in connection with, or arising out of, the       *
+ * furnishing, performance, or use of these programs.                     *
+ *************************************************************************/