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<td bgcolor="#336666"><b><font face="Arial" size="2" color="#FFFFFF">6.1</b></font></td>
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<td bgcolor="#336666" width="100%"><b><font face="Arial" size="2" color="#FFFFFF">
Workstations and Servers</font></b></td>
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<td bgcolor="#669999" height="25"><b>
<font face="Arial" size="2" color="#FFFFFF">6.1.6</font></b></td>
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<td bgcolor="#669999" height="25" width="100%"><strong>
<font face="Arial" size="2" color="#FFFFFF">UNIX, Sun, HP, and LINUX</font></strong></td>
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<p><font face="Arial" size="2"><b>Origins of UNIX</b><br>
UNIX is the name of a group of operating systems that trace their
origins back to 1969 at Bell Labs. Since its inception, UNIX was
designed to support multiple users and multitasking. UNIX was also one
of the first operating systems to include support for Internet
networking protocols. The history of UNIX, which now spans over 30
years, is complicated because many companies and organizations have
contributed to its development.
<img border="0" src="../../images/1.gif" align="absmiddle" width="12" height="12"></font></p>
<p><font face="Arial" size="2">UNIX was first written in assembly language, a primitive set of
instructions that control the internal instructions of a computer.
However, UNIX could only run on a specific type of computer. In 1971, Dennis
Ritchie created the C language. In 1973, Ritchie along with fellow
Bell Labs programmer Ken Thompson rewrote the UNIX system programs in
C language. Because C is a higher-level language, UNIX could be moved
or ported to another computer with far less programming effort. The
decision to develop this portable operating system proved to be the
key to the success of UNIX. During the 1970s, UNIX evolved through the
development work of programmers at Bell Labs and several universities,
notably the University of California, at Berkeley.
<img border="0" src="../../images/2.gif" align="absmiddle" width="12" height="12"> - </font>
<img border="0" src="../../images/3.gif" align="middle" width="12" height="12"></p>
<p><font face="Arial" size="2">When UNIX first started to be marketed commercially in the 1980s, it
was used to run powerful network servers, not desktop computers.
Today, there are dozens of different versions of UNIX, including the
following: </font></p>
<ul>
<li><font face="Arial" size="2">Hewlett Packard UNIX (HP-UX) </font>
</li>
<li><font face="Arial" size="2">Berkeley Software Design, Inc. (BSD
UNIX), which has produced derivatives such as FreeBSD</font></li>
<li><font face="Arial" size="2">Santa Cruz Operation (SCO) UNIX </font>
</li>
<li><font face="Arial" size="2">Sun Solaris </font></li>
<li><font face="Arial" size="2">IBM UNIX (AIX)</font></li>
</ul>
<p><font face="Arial" size="2">UNIX, in its various forms, continues
to advance its position as the reliable, secure OS of choice for
mission-critical applications that are crucial to the operation of a
business or other organization. UNIX is also tightly integrated with
TCP/IP. TCP/IP basically grew out of UNIX because of the need for LAN
and WAN communications.</font></p>
<p><font face="Arial" size="2">The Sun Microsystems Solaris Operating Environment and its core OS,
SunOS, is a high-performance, versatile, 64-bit implementation of
UNIX. Solaris runs on a wide variety of computers, from Intel-based
personal computers to powerful mainframes and supercomputers. Solaris
is currently the most widely used version of UNIX in the world for
large networks and Internet websites. Sun is also the developer of the
"Write Once, Run Anywhere" Java technology.</font></p>
<p><font face="Arial" size="2">Despite the popularity of Microsoft Windows on corporate LANs, much of
the Internet runs on powerful UNIX systems. Although UNIX is usually
associated with expensive hardware and is no user friendly,
recent developments, including the creation of Linux, have changed
that image. </font></p>
<p><font face="Arial" size="2"><b>Origins of Linux</b><br>
In 1991, a Finnish student named Linus Torvalds began work on an
operating system for an Intel 80386-based computer. Torvalds became
frustrated with the state of desktop operating systems, such as DOS,
and the expense and licensing issues associated with commercial UNIX. Torvalds set out to develop an operating system that was UNIX-like in
its operation but used software code that was open and completely free
of charge to all users.</font></p>
<p><font face="Arial" size="2">Torvald's work led to a world-wide
collaborative effort to develop Linux, an open source operating system
that looks and feels like UNIX. By the late 1990s, Linux had become a
viable alternative to UNIX on servers and Windows on the desktop. The
popularity of Linux on desktop PCs has also contributed to interest in
using UNIX distributions, such as FreeBSD and Sun Solaris on the
desktop. Versions of Linux can now run on almost any 32-bit processor,
including the Intel 80386, Motorola 68000, Alpha, and PowerPC chips.</font></p>
<p><font face="Arial" size="2">As with UNIX, there are numerous versions of Linux. Some are free
downloads from the web, and others are commercially distributed. The
following are a few of the most popular versions of Linux:</font></p>
<ul>
<li><font face="Arial" size="2">Red Hat Linux � distributed by Red
Hat Software </font></li>
<li><font face="Arial" size="2">OpenLinux � distributed by Caldera </font>
</li>
<li><font face="Arial" size="2">Corel Linux </font></li>
<li><font face="Arial" size="2">Slackware </font></li>
<li><font face="Arial" size="2">Debian GNU/Linux </font></li>
<li><font face="Arial" size="2">SuSE Linux </font></li>
</ul>
<p><font face="Arial" size="2">Linux is one of the most powerful and reliable operating systems in
the world today. Because of this, Linux has already made inroads as a
platform for power users and in the enterprise server arena. Linux is
less often deployed as a corporate desktop operating system. Although
graphical user interfaces (GUIs) are available to make Linux
user-friendly, most beginning users find Linux more difficult to use
than Mac OS or Windows. Currently, many companies, such as Red Hat,
SuSE, Corel, and Caldera, are striving to make Linux a viable
operating system for the desktop.
<img border="0" src="../../images/4.gif" align="absmiddle" width="12" height="12"> -
<img border="0" src="../../images/7.gif" align="absmiddle" width="12" height="12"></font></p>
<p><font face="Arial" size="2">Application support must be considered
when Linux is implemented on a desktop system. The number of business
productivity applications is limited when compared to Windows.
However, some vendors provide Windows emulation software, such as WABI
and WINE, which enables many Windows applications to run on Linux. Additionally, companies such as
Corel are making Linux versions of their office suites and other
popular software packages.</font></p>
<p><font face="Arial" size="2"><b>Networking with Linux</b><br>
Recent distributions of Linux have networking components built in for
connecting to a LAN, establishing a dialup connection to the Internet,
or other remote network. In fact, TCP/IP is integrated into the Linux
kernel instead of being implemented as a separate subsystem.</font></p>
<p><font face="Arial" size="2">Some advantages of Linux as a desktop operating system and network
client include the following:</font></p>
<ul>
<li><font face="Arial" size="2">It is a true 32-bit operating
system. </font></li>
<li><font face="Arial" size="2">It supports preemptive multitasking and virtual memory. </font>
</li>
<li><font face="Arial" size="2">The code is open source and thus
available for anyone to enhance and improve. </font></li>
</ul>
<p><font face="Arial" size="2"> </font></p>
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