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// Fig. 3.20: fig03_20.cpp
// Comparing pass-by-value and pass-by-reference
// with references.
#include <iostream>
using std::cout;
using std::endl;
int squareByValue( int ); // function prototype
void squareByReference( int & ); // function prototype
int main()
{
int x = 2;
int z = 4;
// demonstrate squareByValue
cout << "x = " << x << " before squareByValue\n";
cout << "Value returned by squareByValue: "
<< squareByValue( x ) << endl;
cout << "x = " << x << " after squareByValue\n" << endl;
// demonstrate squareByReference
cout << "z = " << z << " before squareByReference" << endl;
squareByReference( z );
cout << "z = " << z << " after squareByReference" << endl;
return 0; // indicates successful termination
} // end main
// squareByValue multiplies number by itself, stores the
// result in number and returns the new value of number
int squareByValue( int number )
{
return number *= number; // caller's argument not modified
} // end function squareByValue
// squareByReference multiplies numberRef by itself and
// stores the result in the variable to which numberRef
// refers in function main
void squareByReference( int &numberRef )
{
numberRef *= numberRef; // caller's argument modified
} // end function squareByReference
/**************************************************************************
* (C) Copyright 1992-2003 by Deitel & Associates, Inc. and Prentice *
* Hall. All Rights Reserved. *
* *
* DISCLAIMER: The authors and publisher of this book have used their *
* best efforts in preparing the book. These efforts include the *
* development, research, and testing of the theories and programs *
* to determine their effectiveness. The authors and publisher make *
* no warranty of any kind, expressed or implied, with regard to these *
* programs or to the documentation contained in these books. The authors *
* and publisher shall not be liable in any event for incidental or *
* consequential damages in connection with, or arising out of, the *
* furnishing, performance, or use of these programs. *
*************************************************************************/
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